工程管理专业英语全文翻译

程师经常参与设计特定类型的建筑物，而进行这些项目的建筑商或总承包商也可能仅专门从事这种 类型的建筑物。

Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing,

this market segment is shared by fewer competitors [7]. Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long process which once

started

will

take

some

time

to

proceed

until

completion,

the

demand

is

less

sensitive

to

general

economic

conditions

than

that

for

speculative housing. Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market. In an

oligopoly

situation, only

a

limited

number

of

competitors exist,

and

a

firm

’

s

price

for

services

may

be

based

in

part

on

part

on

its

competitive strategies in the local market.

由于与住宅相比，机构和商业建筑的成本较 高，复杂程度更高，这一市场细分受竞争对

手的影响较小

[7]

。

由于一些这些建筑物的建设是一个 漫长的过程，一旦开始，将需要一些时间才能完成，所以对总体经济状

况的要求比投机性 住房要低。

因此，业主可能面对在同一市场上竞争的总承包商的寡头垄断。

在寡头垄断的情况下，只有有

限数量的竞争对手存在，企业的服 务价格可能部分取决于其在当地市场的竞争战略。

Specialized Industrial Construction

专业工业建筑

Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil

refineries,

steel

mills,

chemical

processing

plants

and

coal-fired

or

nuclear

power

plants,

as

is

shown

in

Figure1-4

[8].

The

owners

usually are deeply involved in the development of a project, and prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the

completion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the ownerhas developed

good working relations over the years.

专项工业建设通常涉及非常大规模的项目，如炼油厂，炼钢厂，化 工厂，燃煤或核电厂等技

术复杂程度高，如图

1-4

[8]

。

业主通常深深地参与项目的开发，更愿意与设计师建设者合作，缩短项目完工时间。

他们

还想选择一些设计师和建筑师，多年来，业主 与他们建立了良好的工作关系

Although the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecasting is the most important

factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time

这样的项目的启动也

受到经济状况的影响，长期需求预测是最重要的因素，因为这些项目是资本密集型的，需 要大量的规划和施工时间

Governmental regulation such as the rulings of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the

United States can also profoundly influence decisions on these projects.

美国环境保护局和核管理委员会的裁决等政府法规也可 以深

刻影响这些项目的决策。

Infrastructure and Heavy Construction

基础设施和重型建筑

Infrastructure

and

heavy

construction

includes

projects

such

as

highways,

mass

transit

systems,

tunnels,

bridges,

pipelines,

drainage

systems and sewage treatment plants, as is shown in Figure1-5. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either

through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced

some labor intensive operations.

基础设施和重型建筑包括公路，公共交通系统，隧道，桥梁，管 道，排水系统和污水处理厂等项

目，如图

1-5

所示。

这些项目大部分是公有的，因此通过债券或税收来资助。

这类建设的特点是机械化程度高，逐渐取代了

一些劳动密集型行业。

The

engineers

and

builders

engaged

in

infrastructure

construction

are

usually

highly

specialized

since

each

segment

of

the

market

requires different types of skills [10]. However, demands for different segments of infrastructure and heavy construction may shift with

saturation

in

some

segments.

For

example,

as

the

available

highway

construction

projects

are

declining,

some

heavy

construction

contractors quickly move their work force and equipment into the field of mining where jobs are available.

从事基础设施建设的工程师

< br>和建设者通常是高度专业化的，因为市场每个部分都需要不同类型的技能

[10]

。

然而，对不同部门的基础设施和重 型施工的需

求可能会随着部分地区的饱和而改变。

随着可用的公路建设项目正在下降，

一些重 型施工承包商迅速将其劳动力和设备

转移到有工作的矿业领域。

Unit2 Organizing for Project Management

第

2

单元组织项目管理

Section 1 What is Project Management?

第

1

节什么是项目管理？

The management of construction projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction

process. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for completion. While the

relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has mush in common with the

management

of

similar

types

of

projects

in

other

specialty

or

technology

domains

such

as

aerospace

，

pharmaceutical

and

energy

develo pments.

施工项目管理现代管理知识，了解设计施工过程。

建设项目有一套具体的目标和制约因素，如完成所需的时间框

架。

虽然相关技术，制度安排或过程将有所不同，但这些项 目的管理与其他专业或技术领域（如航空航天，制药和能源开发）

类似项目的管理情况相 同。

Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project .

A project organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute,

the discipline of project management can be defined as follows

一般来说，项目管理与项目总体管理区别于项目的任务性质。

任务

完成后，项目组织通常会被终止。

据项目管理研究所介绍，项目管理学科可以定义如下

Project

management

is

the

art

of

directing

and

coordinating

human

and

material

resources

throughout

the

life

of

a

project

by

using

modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.

项目管

理是通过使用现代管理技术实现项目范围，成本，时间，质量和参与满意度的预定目标，在项目整个生命周期内 指导和协调人

力和物力资源的艺术。

By

contrast,

the

general

management

of

business

and

industrial

corporations

assumes

a

broader

outlook

with

greater

continuity

of

operations[4].Nevertheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques

developed for general management may be adapted for project management.

相比之下，商业和工业企业的总体管理具有更广阔的

前景，具有更大的运营连续性

[4]

。然而，两 者之间存在足够的相似性和差异性，因此为一般管理开发的现代管理技术可能会适

应

项目管理。

The

basic

ingredients

for

a

project

management

framework

may

be

represented

schematically

in

Figue2-1.

A

working

knowledge

of

general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines

such

as

computer

science

and

decision

science

may

also

play

an

important

role.

In

fact,

modern

management

practices

and

various

special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only

with the supporting discipline

For example, computer-based information systems and decision support systems are nom common-place tools for general management.

Similarly,

many

operations

research

techniques

such

as

linear

programming

and

network

analysis

are

now

widely

used

in

many

knowledge

or

application

domains[6].

Hence,

the

representation

in

Figure

2-1

reflects

only

the

sources

from

which

the

project

management framework evolves.

项目管理框架的基本要素可以在图

2-1

中示意性地表示。

一般管理的工作知识和熟悉与项目相

关的专门知识领域是不可或缺的。

支持计算机科学和决策科学等学科也可能发挥重要作用。

事实上，现代管理实践和各种特

殊知识领域已经吸收了一些曾经被认 定为辅助学科的技术或工具。例如，基于计算机的信息系统和决策支持系统是普通管理的

常用工具。

类似地，许多操作研究技术如线性规划和网络分析 现在已被广泛应用于许多知识或应用领域

[6]

。

因此，图

2-1

中

的代表只反映了项目管理框架发展的来源。

Specifically,

project

management

in

construction

encomprasses

a

set

of

objectives

which

may

be

accomplished

by

implementing

a

series of operations subject to resource constraints There are Potential conflicts between the stated objectives with regard to scope, cost,

time and quality, and the constraints imposed on human, material and financial resources. These conflicts should be resolved at the onset

of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives.

具体来说，

项目管理在建设中将 会实现一系列目标，

这些

目标可以通过实施资源约束的一系列操 作来实现。在范围，成本，时间和质量以及对人类的限制之间存在潜在的冲突。

物质和

财力。

这些冲突应在项目开始时通过作出必要的权衡或创造新的替代方案来解决。

Subsequently, the function of project management for construction generally include the following

其后，

施工项 目管理功能一般包括

以下内容

1. Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements,

and selecting project participants.

2.

Maximization

of

efficient

resource

utilization

through

procurement

of

labor,

materials

and

equipment

according

to

the

prescribed

schedule and plan[8].

3.

Implementation

of

various

operations

through

proper

coordination

and

control

of

planning,

design,

estimating,

contracting

and

construction in the entire process [9]. 4. Development of effective communication and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the

various participants.

1.

项目目标和计划的规范，包括范围划分，预算编制，时间安排，设定绩效要求以及选择项目参与者。

2.

根据规定的时间表和计划，通过采购劳动力， 材料和设备来最大限度地提高资源利用效率

3.

通过对整个过程中的规划，设计，估计，承包和施工进行适当协调和控制，实施各种业务

4.

开展有效的沟通和解决各参与者

之间冲突的机制 。

The Project management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project management knowledge and attention:

1. Project integration management to ensure that the various project elements are effectively coordinated.

2. Project scope management to ensure that all the work required(and only the required work )

is included.

3. Project time management to provide an effective project schedule .

4.

Project

cost

management

to

identify

needed

resources

and

maintain

budget

control

.

5.

Project

quality

management

tu

ensure

functional requirements are met .

6. Project human resource management to development and effectively employ project personnel .

7. Project communications management to ensure effective internal and external communications .

8. Project risk management to analyze and mitigate potential risks .

9. Project procurement management to obtain necessary resources from external sources .

项目管理研究所重点关注需要项目管理知识和注意力的九个不 同领域：

1.

项目整合管理，确保各 项目要素得到有效协调。

2.

项目范 围管理，以确保所需的所有工作（仅需要工作）

。