托福阅读tpo 1-Groundwater地下水原题解析

2021年2月5日发(作者：lord什么意思)

阅读原文：

Groundwater

is

the

word

used

to

describe

water

that

saturates

the

ground,

filling

all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric

water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water

cycle. Ordinary

meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from

precipitation

(rain

and

snow)

and

from

lakes

and

streams.

There

it

remains,

sometimes

for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems

incredible that there can be enough space in the

all this water.

地下水是指渗入到地下并将所有岩石孔隙填满的水。到现在为 止，大气水是最丰富的地

下水资源，

是地下水在水循环中的一个 环节。

普通的大气水会从地表、

降水以

及湖泊河流侵

入到地下。在再次冒出地表之前，这些地下水有时 会长时间留在地下。最初让人觉得难以置

信的是，在我们脚下“坚实的”土地中竟然有足 够的空间能

储存这么些水。

The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are

those among the particles

—

sand grains and tiny pebbles

—

of loose, unconsolidated

sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common.

They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed.

For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice

age

steadily

melted

away,

huge

volumes

of

water

flowed

from

them.

The

water

was

always

laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited

as the flow slowed down.

然而，地下水所需的储存空间多种多样。松散的砂子和砾石间 有许多颗粒，如沙粒和小

石子，

它们之间的孔隙是最常见的储存 地下

水的空间。

由这些颗粒组成的水 床非常普遍，

通

常位于看不见的土壤下方，在携带粗糙沉淀物的 湍急的河流曾流过的地方都能找到它们的踪

迹。

比如，

冰河时代覆盖

北美的巨大冰层逐渐融化，

大量水从那儿流出。

水里总会携带些石

子、 砾石和沙石，这些颗粒会随着水流的减速而沉淀，这就是所谓冰河期的冰水沉积。

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a

sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat

land,

dropping

its

load

as

the

current

slows:

the

water

usually

spreads

out

fanwise,

depositing

the

sediment

in

the

form

of

a

smooth,

fan-shaped

slope.

Sediments

are

also

dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments

are

on

a

lake

floor

or

the

seafloor

at

first,

but

will

be

located

inland

at

some

future

date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands

of meters thick.

现代也有冰水沉积，尽管规模相对较小。凡是有携带沙石的河流或者溪流从山谷流至相

对平坦的地面时，

砂石就随着水流速度的减慢逐渐沉淀；

水流通 常呈扇形扩散，

它们所携带

的沙石也 会沉淀为光滑的扇形斜面。当河流汇入湖泊和海洋的时候也会有沉淀，这些沉淀最

初在湖 底或海底，

但将来海平面下降或者陆地崛起时，

它们就

会分布于内陆，

通常厚达几千

米。

In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the

bed

of

a

river

that

has

since

become

buried

by

soil;

if

they

are

now

below

the

water

’

s

upper

surface

(the

water

table),

the

gravels

and

sands

of

the

former

riverbed,

and

its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.

低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床，后续被土壤覆盖 而变成现在的样子。如果

那些过去的河床和沙洲现在位于地下水位之下，一定会有大量的 地下水浸在它们的沙子和砾

石之间。

So

much

for

unconsolidated

sediments.

Consolidated

(or

cemented)

sediments,

too,

contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the

original

grains

are

often

not

totally

plugged

with

cementing

chemicals;

also,

parts

of

the

original

grains

may

become

dissolved

by

percolating

groundwater,

either

while

consolidation

is

taking

place

or

at

any

time

afterwards.

The

result

is

that

sandstone,

for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.

以上说的都是松散的沉积物，那些坚固的沉 积物，也拥有以数万计的毛细孔来容纳水。

因为最初颗粒间的缝隙通常并未完全被黏固的 化学物质塞满，而且部分颗粒很可能在固化时

或固化后被渗入的地下水溶解；结果这些砂 岩最终变得和形成它的散沙一样多孔。

Thus

a

proportion

of

the

total

volume

of

any

sediment,

loose

or

cemented,

consists

of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is

basalt, a form of solidified

volcanic lava, which is

sometimes full

of tiny bubbles

that make it very porous.

因此，

不管沉积物是疏松还是坚固，

它们中一定有空间。

大部分结晶体岩石都非常坚硬，

< p>
但也有例外，最常见的就是玄武岩，它是一种固化的火山熔岩，经常充满了微小气泡，从而

变得十分多孔。

The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that

porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water

can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities

and the crevices linking them.

岩石的孔隙度就是指其中空间的比例。但需要注意的是，孔隙 度与渗透率是不同的。渗

透率衡量的是水渗透物质的难易程度，它取决于与单个空隙以及 连接孔隙间裂缝的大小。

Much

of

the

water

in

a

sample

of

water-saturated

sediment

or

rock

will

drain

from

it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to

all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which

water would drain instantly from

any

wet surface, leaving it

totally dry. The total

volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting

of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.

当充满水分的沉淀物或者岩石样本被放置在适宜的干燥环境中时，

大部分的水分 会流失，

但仍有部分水会继续附着在坚实的表面上。要不是因为表面张力，这些水分也会 立刻蒸发，

仅留下完全干燥的样本。因此，试验样本的含水量既包括可以流干的水，也包 括不能流干的

水。

The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of

rock

or

sediment

to

another,

even

though

their

porosities

may

be

the

same.

What

happens

depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops

too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are

small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the

force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

这两种水的相对含量因岩 石或沉积物种类不同而改变，即便它们有相同比例的孔隙，还

取决于孔隙的大小。

如果孔隙很大，

其中的水会形成水滴，

太重足 以克服吸引它的表面张力，

就会流走；但如果孔隙够小，水会像薄膜一样，太轻无法克服 表面张力，从而稳稳地附着在

孔隙表面上。

第

1

题：

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that

we walk on?

A

：

It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

B

：

It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

C

：

It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

D

：

It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

解析：

以下哪一项能够从第一段推出与我们走的路地有关？（

Infe rence Question

）

a)

它不能长时间储存水。

b)

它阻止了大部分地下水进行水循 环。

c)

它有能力储存大量的地下水。

d)

它大部分的水从河流中吸收。

根据“

ground that we walk on

”定位到段落最后一句话“

At first thought it

seemsincrediblethatthere

can

be

enough

spacein

the

“

solid

”

ground

underfootto

hold

all this water.

”意思是：一开始很难想象我 们脚下的地有足够的空间容下这些水。

选项一错，倒数第二句“

There it remains, sometimesfor long periods, before

emerging at the surface again.

”

For long periods

长时间；

remain v.

保持；

emerge v.

出现；

选项二错，

段落第二句

“

By

far

themostabundanttype

of

groundwater

is

meteoric

water;

this is the groundwater that circulates as part of thewater cycle.

”意思是：现在

最丰富的地下水类型是雨水；这些雨水是进入水循环的那部分；

by far

最；

abundant adj.

富足；

circulate v.

循环；

选项四错，段落第三句“

Ordinary

meteoric

water

is

water

that

has

soaked

into

the

groundfrom the surface,fromprecipitationandfrom lakes and streams .

”意思是：平常

的雨水都是那些从地表、降水和河流湖泊中渗 入地下的水。

soak v.

渗透；

p recipitationn.

降雨，降雪；

第

2

题：

The word

A

：

confusing

B

：

comforting

C

：

unbelievable

D

：

interesting

解析：

与单词

incredible

在文章中 意思最接近的是（

Vocabulary Question

）

a)Confusing

（令人迷惑的）

b)Comforting

（安慰人 的）

c)Unbelievabl e

（难以置信的）

d)Interesting

（有趣的）

查字典

!

Incredible

adj.

难以 置信的；

in-

否定前缀；

cred< /p>

词根，意思“信用”

；

-ible

形容词后缀；

un-

否定前缀；

believe

v.

相信；

-able

形容词后缀；

incredible

和

unbelievable

也是常考同义词对子。

第

3

题：

The word

A

：

far away

B

：

hidden

C

：

partly visible

D

：

discovered

解析：

与单词“

out of sight

”在文中意思最接近的是（

Vocabulary Question

）

a)Far away

（遥远）

b)Hidden

（隐藏）

c)Partly visible

（部分可见）

d)Discovered

（发现的）

sight n.

眼界；

out of sight

眼界之外；有一个俗语：

Out of sight, out of mind;

眼

不见心不烦；隐藏 的肯定看不见；

far away

遥远也可以看得见，比如夜晚空中的星星；

第

4

题：

According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?

A

：

Inside pieces of sand and gravel

B

：

On top of beds of rock

C

：

In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil

D

：

In spaces between pieces of sediment

解析：

根据第二段，通常在哪里能找到地下水？（

Factual Information Question

）

a)

在沙子和沙砾碎片中

b)

在岩石床的上面

c)

在泥土下快速流动的河水中

d)

在沉积物碎片之间的空隙

根据段落前两句话“

The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The

commonest

spaces

arethose

among

the

particles-sand

grains

and

tiny

pebbles-of

loose,

unconsolidated

sand

and

gravel.

”意思是：必 须的空间就在那儿，尽管形式多样。最平常

的空间是那些松散不坚固的沙子和沙砾微粒（ 砾子和小石子）间的空隙。

Particle n.

粒子；

grain n.

粒子；

pebble n.

小鹅卵石；

gravel n.

沙砾；

loose adj.

松的；

consolidate adj.

坚固的；

unconsolidated adj.

不坚固的；

选项一错，不是在

sand

和

gravel

里面，而是在它们的缝隙里面；

those among the

particles

；

< br>those

代表的是

space

；

选项二和三也都错在不是空隙；

只有选项四有

spaces

，

并且段落第四句

“

They

are

found

wherever fast rivers carryingloads of coarse sedimentonce flowed.

”

第

5

题：

The phrase

A

：

fast rivers

B

：

glaciers

C

：

the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting

D

：

the particles carried in water from melting glaciers

解析：

用语

glacial outwash

在文中指（

Reference Question

）

a)

快速河流

b)

冰川

c)

冰川融化形成大量的水

d)

冰川融化的水中带的微粒

回到原句“

The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel,andsand,known as

glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed dow n.

”意思是：水携带卵石、

沙砾和沙子，这些被称为

glacial

outwash

，水流缓慢时 沉积下来。根据

Known

as

用语 的意

思就能判断出

glacial outwash

指的是

pebbles, gravel, and sand

而这三样东西都由水携

带，水又是冰川融化而 得，所以答案选第四项；

Known

as

?被称之为?

;be

laden

with

?装满。

。

。

；

deposi t

v.

沉淀；

slow

down

慢下来；

第

6

题：

All

of

the

following

are

mentioned

in

paragraph

3

as

places

that

sediment-laden

rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT

A

：

A mountain valley

B

：

Flat land

C

：

A lake floor

D

：

The seafloor

解析：

以下地点在第三段中都提到作为河流沉积沉积物的地方，除了（

Negative Factual

Information Question

）

a)

山谷中

b)

平地

c)

湖底

d)

海底

段落第一句“

The same thing happens to

?

..emerges from a mountain valley onto

relatively flat land,dropping its loadas the current slows

< br>?”所以平地是有的；再

看第二句“

Sediments are also dropped where

?

..the deposits sediments areon a lake

floor or the seafloor at first

?

.

”因此，湖底和海底也行；山谷是没有的，文章只说了

河流会从山谷 流到平地，没说过是否在山谷中沉淀。

Emerge v.

出现；

drop v.

放下；

spread out

展开；