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II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage
below, fill in the blanks to make the passages
coherent and
grammatically correct. For
the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank
with the proper form of
the given word;
for the other blanks, use one word that best fits
each blank.
About 100 years
ago, one of the founders of modern linguistics,
Ferdinand de Saussure, wrote
that the
relationship __21__ the sounds we make and the
concepts they express are arbitrary
（任意<
/p>
的，随意的）
. Many have long
agreed. But now the
inherent
（内在的）
randomness of
human
language __22__ (chanllenge) by a
large new study published in the Proceedings of
the National
Academy of Sciences,
__23__ analyzed 100 basic words in 3,700 languages
around the world. In
short
:
Certain
words
tend
to
contain
or
omit
certain
sounds
in
a
significant
number
of
these
languages, and the consistency is
Washington Post. .The team of
physicists, linguists, and computer scientists
from the US, Argentina
and Europe took
a
Among their many findings
is __25__ the word for nose contains the sound
1,400 languages, __26__ (range) from
and
（同上，同前）
the
sound
why, although they've ruled out
the idea of there __27__ (be) one original
language. It's not the first
study
__28__ (suggest) a biological basis for the sounds
we appoint to objects -- something __29__
(call) the
（带尖刺的）
. A
separate researcher tells the Telegraph
that some words may date back from __30__ babies
can first
say, such as
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a
proper word chosen from the box. Each word can
only be
used once. Note that there is
one word more than you need.
A. somehow
B. transport
C. evolved
D.
resembles
E. granted
F. marked
G.
forms
H. crucial
I. responsible
J. hardly
K.
puzzle
To many of us, the
bilateral symmetry
（左右对称）
that
characterizes VT the human face and
the
animal kingdom may be one of the first impressions
we get of the world. If you reflect VT the
left half of the face or body in a
mirror, you obtain something that closely __31__
the right half.
Bilateral symmetry is
so common that it could __32__ be due to chance.
If you think of the human
body
as
a
collection
of
some
ten
thousand
trillion
molecules,
then
there
are
countless
ways
to
combine them into non-symmetrical
shapes than into symmetrical ones. Why is it,
then, that bilateral
symmetry
is
so
common? Giv
en
、
considering
、
in
light
of
that
all
life
on
Earth
slowly
__33__
through natural
selection, the fact that we and many animals
possess left-right symmetry, not, say,
up-down or front-back symmetry, must
have somehow __34__ granted certain advantages.
But how?
We can understand
at least some parts of this natural
some simple physical principles. First,
on the surface of the Earth, the Earth's gravity
introduces a
__36__ difference between
up and down. Animals had to be able to remain
stable and to cope with
their
weight
under
Earth's
perpetual
downward
pull.
The
ability
to
move
further
enhanced
the
difference between top and bottom. On
one hand, birds and to handle the aerodynamics of
flying,
and
on
the
other,
be
able
to
handle
landing.
Land
animals
had
to
develop
some
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appendages ( in other words, legs) to
allow them to __37__ themselves efficiently.
Animal locomotion was
probably also __38__ for the front-back asymmetry.
Whether it was a
bird, or a fish,
having the sensory organs and the mouth in the
front could mean the difference
between
finding lunch or missing it. The digestive and
reproductive systems were pushed to the rear.
Having eyes, ears, and noses in the
front was also __39__ for the avoidance of
predators, and for
the ability to
explore an area before actually entering it. Life
__40__ that are fixed in one place or
that move very slowly, such as trees or
jellyfish, tent to have a different kind of
symmetry, similar
to that of a
cone
（球果）
-- they produce
similar reflections in any mirror passing through
their
central axis.
III. Reading Comprehensions
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the
following passage, there are four words or phrases
marked A, B,
C and D. Fill in each
blank with the word or phrase that best fits the
context.
Like it or hate
it, when Kim Kardashian wears something, people
take notice. With the reality
TV star
wearing secondhand Azzedine Alaia to Paris fashion
week, secondhand Jean Paul Gaultier
to
a party and a secondhand 1990s Thierry Mugler gown
to an award ceremony, it __41__ change
is happening. Who would have thought
that Kardashian - a woman worth $$350 m (?270m) -
would be making a case for sustainable
fashion?
As consumers become
increasingly aware of the __42__ impact of
fashion, they are looking
for a more
sustainable way to shop. Could __43__ secondhand
be the answer?
Vintage
（经典复古风格）
,
is increasingly __44__ . High-end boutique Browns
has also just
launched the label One
Vintage, which uses antique textiles to create new
clothes. Octavia
Bradford, the
womenswear buyer for Browns, says:
right now.
A
study shows that, last year, 64% of women were
willing to buy pre-owned pieces compared
with 45% in 2016 - and __46__, by 2028
13% of the clothes in women's wardrobes will be
secondhand. Fashion circularity, a new
term referring to the recycled life of clothes is
__47__ to
reach $$51 bn in five years,
up from the current $$24bn, according to ThredUp's
annual resale
report.
Stella McClure, the founder of the
online shop The Stellar Boutique, has noticed a
__48__.
When she opened 20 years ago
Stellar Boutique is not just acceptable
-- it's cool and has completely __50__ the fashion
trends,
she says.
Aside from an increased __51__ of
sustainability, vintage fashion fits neatly into
the wider
mood of the Instagram age,
where authenticity and originality are __52__.
What better ways to
stand out than to
wear clothes few others are likely to
own?
Not __53__ to sit back
and watch others profit from their vintage items,
some luxury labels
are relaunching
decades-old designs from their own archives
__54__, Last year, Dior brought back
its saddle bag because of the attention
it was getting in the vintage fashion market.
However, for
some, buying vintage will
never feel quite right.
There are obvious __55__ -- sizing
isn't uniform, and, she says:
look for
holes and rips.
41. A.
suggests
B. maintains
C.
calculates
D.
advocates
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42. A. cultural
B. historical
C.
environmental
D. emotional
43.
A. distributing
B.
buying
C.
controlling
D.
decreasing
44. A. in
fashion
B.
in effect
C.
out of date
D.
under control
45. A.
Originality
B. Technology
C.
Profit
D.
Sustainability
46. A.
legally
B. appropriately
C. likely
D. luckily
47. A. required
B. projected
C. guaranteed
D. warned
48. A. symptom
B. field
C.
tradition
D. shift
49. A. right
B. label
C.
shame
D. price
50. A. broken
B.
defined
C. captured
D. challenged
51. A. potential
B.
awareness
C. lack
D. power
52. A. reversed
B. questioned
C. ensured
D. valued
53. A. considerate
B. content
C. stressful
D.
adventurous
54. A. for
instance
B. as a result
C. by contrast
D.
in addition
55. A.
expectations
B. policies
C. traps
D. reminders
Section B
Directions: Read the following two
passage. Each passage is followed by several
questions or
unfinished statements. For
each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C
and D. Choose the
one that fits best
according to the information given in the passage
you have just read.
(A)
As Artificial
Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly
sophisticated, there are growing
concerns that robots could become a
threat. This danger can be avoided, according to
computer
science professor Stuart
Russell, if we figure out how to turn human values
into a programmable
code.
MoralS
、
morality ethnics →
mortal baby morality
Russell argues that as robots take on
more complicated tasks, it's necessary to
translate our
morals into AI language.
For example, if a robot
does chores around the house, you wouldn't want it
to put the pet cat
in the oven to make
dinner for the hungry children.
good set
of values,
Some robots are
already programmed with basic human values. For
example, mobile robots
have been
programmed to keep a comfortable distance from
humans. Obviously there are cultural
differences, but if you were talking to
another person and they came up close in your
personal
space, you wouldn't think
that's the kind of thing a properly brought-up
person would do.
It will be
possible to create more sophisticated moral
machines, if only we can find a way to
set out human values as clear rules.
Robots could also learn
values from drawing patterns from large sets of
data on human
behavior. They are
dangerous only if programmers are careless.
The biggest concern with
robots going against human values is that human
beings fail to do
sufficient testing
and they've produced a system that will break some
kind of
taboo
（禁忌）
.
One simple check would be to program a
robot to check the correct course of action with a
human when presented with an unusual
situation.
If the robot is
unsure whether an animal is suitable for the
microwave, it has the opportunity
to
stop, send out beeps
（嘟嘟声）
,
and ask for directions from a human. If we humans
aren't
quite sure about a decision, we
go and ask somebody else.
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The most
difficult step in programming values will be
deciding exactly what we believe in
moral, and how to create a set of
ethical rules. But if we come up with an answer,
robots could be
good for humanity.
56. What does the author
say about the threat of robots?
A. It may constitute a challenge to
computer programmers.
B. It
accompanies all machinery involving high
technology.
C. It can be
avoided if human values are translated into their
language.
D. It has become
an inevitable peril as technology gets more
sophisticated.
57. What
would we think of a person who invades our
personal space according to the author?
A. They are aggressive
B. They are outgoing
C. They are ignorant.
D. They are ill-bred.
58. How do robots learn
human values?
A. By
interacting with humans in everyday life
situations.
B. By following
the daily routines of civilized human beings.
C. By picking up patterns
from massive data on human behavior.
D. By imitating the behavior of
property brought-up human beings.
59. What will a well-programmed robot
do when facing an unusual situation?
A. Keep a distance from possible
dangers.
B. Stop to seek advice from a human
being.
C. Tripper its
built-in alarm system at once.
D. Do sufficient testing
before taking action.
(B)
Recalculating
the global use of
phosphorus
（磷）
, an important
fertilizer element of modern
agriculture, a team of researchers
warns that the world's stocks may soon be in short
supply and
that overuse in the
industrialized world has become a leading
causeringleader of the pollution of
lakes, rivers and streams.
Writing in the Feb. 14 edition of the
journal Environmental Research Letters, Stephen
Carpenter of the University of
Wisconsin-Madison and Elena Bennett of McGill
University report
that the human use of
phosphorus, primarily in the industrialized world,
is causing the widespread
eutrophication of fresh surface water.
What's more, the min-able global stocks of
phosphorus are
concentrated in just a
few countries and are in decline, posing the risk
of global shortages within
the next 20
years.
world's
leading authorities on lakes and streams.
need to use it more
efficiently.
Phosphorus is
an essential element for life. Living organisms,
including humans, have small
amounts
and the element is crucial for driving the
energetic processes of cells. In agriculture,
phosphorus mined from ancient marine
deposits is widely used to boost crop yields
submit ti give
way to. The element also
has other industrial uses.
But excess phosphorus from fertilizer
that washes from farm fields and suburban lawns
into
lakes and streams is the primary
cause of the algae blooms that destroy freshwater
ecosystems out
off kilter and degrades
water quality. Phosphorus pollution poses a risk
to fish and other water life
as well as
to the animals and humans who depend on clean
fresh water. In some instances, sexcess
phosphorus sparks blooms of toxic
algae, which pose a direct threat to human and
animal life.
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