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Unit 1
Psychology in Our Daily
Life
In-Class Reading
Is There a Doctor in the Body?
人体内有医生吗？
1
当你去看病时，
你总希望离开时能
带走一张药方。
知道自己能得到一些药会让你感觉好一
些。
但是医生清楚并不是所有情况都需要用药。
有时病人所需要的只是一
个一切都会好的保
证。在这种情况下，医生可能就会开安慰剂。
2
安慰剂可以是糖丸、无害的针剂，
或者空的胶囊。尽管安慰剂中没有任何药物成分，
但似
乎也能使
人康复。病人以为这就是药，然后开始好转。这究竟是怎么回事呢？
3
安慰剂的研究让人们对人体如何进行自愈有了新的认识。<
/p>
就好像我们每个人体内都有一个
医生一样，这位
< br>“
医生
”
能治好我们的病，如果
我们让他治疗的话。
4
但是，
我们仍然不清楚安慰剂究竟是如何治病的。
有些人说，
它能起作用是因为人脑会欺
骗自己。
这些人说如果能
使大脑上当，
误以为得到了药物治疗，
那么大脑就会像真的得到
了
药物一样行事，于是身体就会好转。
5
另一些人持不同意见。
他们认为病
人希望身体好转，
而安慰剂能促使这种愿望成真。
如果
病人知道是安慰剂的话，那就没有效果了。这表明人体并没有上当受骗。情况似乎是这样：
如果病人以为他们得到了药物治疗，
他们就会充满希望。
他们感到自己在接受治疗，
这使他
们更加强烈地希望
身体好转，而正是这种希望帮助他们康复。
6
安慰剂并不总是有效。这种疗法是否成功在很大程度上似乎取决于病人与医生之间的关
系。如果病人非常信任医生，而医生又真心想帮助病人的话，
安慰剂就更有可能
起作用。所
以从某种意义上说，医生是最有效的安慰剂。
7
有一项研究可以作为例子来说明医生在促使安慰剂发挥效用
的过程中所起的作用。
一些溃
疡出血的病人被分为两组。
第一组病人由一位医生告诉他们用了一种新药，
并且相信这种药
能够缓解他们的疼痛感。
第二组病人由一位护士告诉他们用了一种新药
，
但是药效如何却不
太清楚。结果，第一组中
< br>70%
的病人病情明显好转，而第二组中只有
25%
的病人情况有了
好转。实际上，给这两组病人用的是同样的安慰剂。
8
人们已发现安慰剂能在很多不同
的病例中发挥作用。它对于晕船、咳嗽、感冒、甚至术后
疼痛这样的病症都有帮助。曾经
有过一项实验来检验安慰剂是否能帮助老人健康长寿。
9 <
/p>
这项实验是在罗马尼亚的
150
名
60
岁以上的老人中进行的。他们被分成三组，每组
< br>50
人。第一组的老人什么也没给。
第二组用了安慰剂。
第三组用了真药，
并被告知这种药对于
因年老而出现的疾病有帮
助（实际上它根本不是针对老年人的药）
。研究人员对三个组的老
人的研究持续了很多年。
结果显示第一组的状况与那个村庄里老年人一贯的状况没有什
么区
别；第二组老人（用了安慰剂的）身体要健康得多，死亡率也降低了；第三组老人（
用了真
药的）与用安慰剂的那组老人结果大致相同。
10
使用安慰剂也会导致不良后果。如果病人认为吃药会带来
不良反应，那么他们用了安慰
剂之后也会有不良反应。
这似乎表
明你对药物产生何种反应在很大程度上是取决于你的心理
而不是你的身体。
一些医生仍然认为如果安慰剂有可能导致不良后果，
那就不该使用。
他们
觉得对于安慰剂的了解还不够。
11
尽管如此，在别的一些国家，对安慰剂的使用已为人熟知
了上百年。在一些非洲国家，
部落的医生很早就知道如果病人认为自己会好起来，
他们就会好起来。
他们采用的很多疗法
看似不
可能治好病人，但居然行之有效。
12
安慰剂的奇效似乎确实表明人的精神力量比我们所想象的要更为强大。有些人认为你可
1
以用精神来治愈自己的疾病。
有趣的是甚至那些信誓旦旦认为这是不可能的人也因为用了安
慰剂而完全康复了。
After-Class
Reading
如何消除排队的怒火
1
如果这个假期你在机场或车站排长队，
你是会试着去分析一下排队到底有什么地方使你生
气呢还是只会对身边的管理人员生
气？
2
理查德
·
拉森教授是麻省理工学院的电气工程师，他也讨厌排队。但是他并未因此而怒发<
/p>
冲冠，
相反，他决定要研究这个课题。他的第一个研究结果表明，
人们恼怒的程度与等待时
间的长短并不直接相关，
这也验证了美国国家科学基金会的早期研究。
他以休斯顿机场的实
验为例。
在休斯顿机场，
乘客们下飞机之后走到行
李提取处得用
1
分钟，
然后再等
7
分钟才
能取到行李。
对此旅客怨声不断，
尤其是那些等候领取行李的旅客，
他们眼
睁睁地看着那些
只带着手提行李的旅客可以马上走出机场，而自己却要等上
7
分钟。
3
机场管理机构决定加长乘客下飞机后的步行距离，
这样，
< br>走到行李提取处需要
6
分钟，
而
不再是快速行走
1
分钟就能到达。
当他们最终来到行李提取处时只需要等待
2
分钟。
那些只
带着手提行李的乘客却为此多耽误了
5
分钟，可是旅客们的抱怨几乎下降为零。
4
原因是什么？拉森指出，
这一切都
与他称之为
“
社会公正
”
的现象有关。
人们看到别人抄近
路，就会觉得自己的
等待难以忍受。
因此，对于机场来说，让每个人都耽误一下的做法是可
< br>取的。
5
拉森研究了另一个
方面，
他观察到：
如果不告知人们发生了什么，
他们就会变得更加不满。
那些知道会耽搁半小时的乘客会比那些莫名其妙等候<
/p>
20
分钟的乘客情绪要好一些。
6
但是即使知道了我们得等多长时间也不能解决所有问题。<
/p>
我们还要相信有关方面正在采取
一切措施来减少耽误的时间。
拉森以美国两家相邻的银行为例。
一家高度计算机化，
为每个
顾客服务的时间平均为
30
< br>秒。另一家自动化程度比较低，为顾客服务需要两倍的时间。但
是因为第二家银行
的出纳员看起来非常忙碌，
顾客们以为它的服务更快，
于是许多
人把账户
转到了这家效率低的银行。
最终，
第一家银行不得不引进费时但看起来却更具活力的工作方
法。
课内阅读练习答案
Part One Preparation
1.
Psychology in Daily Life
Sample
?
Peer
pressure
greatly
influences
my
personal
decisions.
For
example,
if
all
my
classmates
keep
silent when the English
teacher raises a question, I won’t raise my
hand
even when I
know the
answer. If all my friends have their hair dyed, I
might dye my hair too. Otherwise I
would think my hair style is not
fashionable. I make such choices because I want to
fit in and
be accepted and approved by
my friends. I think their friendship and approval
are important
to me.
2
?
I
think
peer
pressure
can
have
both
positive
and
negative
effects
on
us,
depending
on
the
outcome
and consequences. For example, when peers pressure
each other to try their best in
studies
and sports, the outcome will often be positive.
However, if peers pressure each other
to do things such as smoking, speeding
or bullying, the results will be negative.
?
I think those
who suffer from peer pressure should try to build
up their own self-esteem and
self-
confidence.
They
should
know
that
everybody
can
go
their
own
way
and
if
their
behavior
or decision is
different from others’, it won’t be the end of the
world. When they
become confident
enough, they will feel free to make decisions for
themselves.
2.
Getting to Know Your Classmates
Sample
Possible reasons for
the beliefs and feelings:
? Those who
love shopping may have a lot of money to spend and
take delight in shopping.
Sometimes
they
have
a
sense
of
accomplishment
after
shopping
is
done.
In
other
cases,
when
people are in low spirits, they may do
a lot of shopping.
? Some people do not
eat beef because of their religious beliefs. For
example, Hindus do not
eat
beef. Others do not eat beef because of
their family eating habits or because they are
vegetarians.
Still ot
hers do
not eat beef because they think it’s too cruel to
kill cows—
cows will be in tears
before being killed.
? Bus
service in some places is very poor. Buses there
are usually crowded and dirty. That’s
why
people don’t like to
ride on a bus, and when the
y are on a
bus, they may get sick. The result will
probably be that they dislike riding on
a bus even more.
? Those who frequently
talk to themselves are often timid and
reserved. They can express
their
own feelings by doing so. Some people
talk to themselves because they are not sure of
themselves.
They
can
practice
talking
to
others
in
their
imagination,
i.e.,
by
imagining
that
they
are
facing
other people and talking with them.
? Some people are terrified of snakes
because some snakes are poisonous.
Bite
s from poisonous
snakes
can
be
fatal
if
there
is
no
immediate
treatment.
Other
people
dislike
them
because
they
think all snakes are ugly and
disgusting.
? People sometimes
associate danger, threat or even ghosts with
darkness. In darkness, people
may
feel lonely and helpless. And, at the
same time, they may be afraid that something bad
may happen
at any moment.
?
Some people think they are too fat when compared
with those slim people around them. In
most
parts of the world, people are
worried when they gain weight and try almost
anything to keep slim.
Everyone hopes
to be good-looking or beautiful and most try to
follow the trend.
? Those who hold on
to their money as long as possible are usually
very thrifty. They are afraid
that if they spend all the money they
have, they will have nothing to rely on later.
With as much
money as they can save,
they’ll at least have a sense of
security.
? People who hate
queuing are impatient. They think it is a waste of
time to queue. So they try
to
avoid queuing. Some peo
ple
jump the queue when possible, but it’s not a good
practice.
When
you
jump
the
queue
you’re
stealing
time
from
other
people.
If
you
hate
queuing,
try
to
avoid it.
?
Some
people
may
fear
ghosts
after
they
have
heard
or
read
ghost
stories.
Those
who
have
dreamed of
ghosts may believe in them too. People who have
experienced very unusual things at
3
night that they couldn’t
explain may believe that ghosts were involved in
the incidents.
? Some people
believe that everyone has a particular fate. It is
fate tha
t determines their lives.
They are anxious to find out what their
future will be like. So they may go to a fortune-
teller in
order to learn about their
future in advance. When they have serious problems
they may also want
to go to a fortune-
teller hoping that the fortune-teller will let
them know what to do to solve the
problems.
?
Some
people
care
a
lot
about
their
physical
appearance.
They
want
to
be
properly
dressed
in
order to impress other people, and they
may be unsure of themselves. So they may stand in
front
of a mirror for more than 10
minutes deciding if they look impressive.
3.
A
Fun Test: Come Along on an Incredible Journey into
the Desert!
The desert represents a
series of hardships. Each of the animals
represents an aspect of your life,
and
the order in which you sacrifice the animals might
be said to represent the importance of these
things to you.
The animal
that you sacrificed first is the least important,
and the one that you kept may be the
most important. The cow represents
basic needs.
The sheep represents
friendship.
The lion represents pride.
The monkey represents creativity.
The horse represents passion.
Additional activity
Another
Fun Test for Your Reference:
1 You are
walking to your boyfriend’s / girlfriend’s house.
There are two r
oads to get there. One
is
a straight path to take you there
quickly, but is very plain and boring. The other
is significantly
long but is full of
wonderful sights and interesting things. Which one
do you take, the short one or
the long
one?
2 On the way you see two rose
bushes. One is full of red roses, and the other
white roses. You
decide to pick 20
roses for your friend, of any color combination.
What number of white and red
do you
pick? (You can pick all of one color or any
combination of the two.)
3 You finally
get to the house. A family member answers the
door. You can either have him / her
tell your friend you have arrived, or
go find your friend yourself. Which would you do?
4 You go up to your friend’s room, but
nobody is there. You decide to leave
the roses there. Do
you
leave them by the windowsill
(
窗台
) or on the bed?
5 Later, it’s time for bed. You and
your friend go to sleep in separate rooms. In the
morning when
it’s time to
wake up, you go to your friend’s room and check on
him / her. When you arrive, do
you think he / she is more probably
awake or asleep?
6 Now it’s time to go
back home. Will you take the short, plain road or
the long, more interesting
road?
The Answers:
1
The road represents your attitude toward falling
in love. If you take the short road, you fall in
love quickly and easily. If you take
the long road, you prefer to take your time and do
not fall in
love easily.
2
The number of red roses represents how much you
give in a relationship, while the number of
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