-
表一
常见无机物英文名
Chemical
symbol
S
SO
3
2-
SO
4
2-
SO
2
H
2
S
S
2-
N
2
NO
3
-
NO
2
-
NO
2
N
2
O
F
2
Cl
2
Br
2
I
2
HCl
Cl
-
C
CCl
4
CO
3
2-
HCO
3
-
CO
2
P
PO
4
3-
H
3
PO
4<
/p>
Na
NaOH
K
KOH
Ca
Ca(OH)
2
Ca CO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Mg
Mg(OH)
2
Al
Chemical name
sulfur
sulfite
sulfate
sulfur dioxide
hydrogen sulfide
sulfide
nitrogen
nitrate
nitrite
nitrogen
dioxide
nitrous oxide
flourine
chlorine
bromine
iodine
Hydrogen chloride;
hydrochloric acid
chloride
Carbon
Carbon
tetrachchloride
Carbonate ion
bicarbonate ion
carbon
dioxide
phosphorus
phosphate
phosphoric acid
sodium
sodium hydroxide
potassium
potassium hydroxide
calcium
calcium
hydroxide
calcium carbonate
calcium bicarbonate
magnesium
magnesium
hydroxide
aluminum
Related
compounds, salts,
properties
Elemental sulfur
sulfurous
acid
亚硫酸
Sulfate
，硫酸盐；
sulfuric
acid
硫酸
SO
3
：
sulfur trioxide
Odorous,
poisonous
PbS, lead sulfide
Liquid nitrogen
K
NO
3
Potassium nitrate
Na
NO
2
Major air pollutant
Laughing gas
CFC
chloroflourocarbons
HClO, hypochlorous
acid
HBr, hydrogen bromide
AgI , silver iodide
HF ,
hydrofluoric acid
NaCl
sodium chloride
Activated
carbon
Na
2
CO
3
sodium carbonate
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
calcium
bicarbonate
H
PO
4
2-
Alkali metal
Caustic soda
K
2
HPO4
dipotassium
hydrogenphosphsate
Caustic
potash
hydrated lime
熟石灰
Scale,
precipitate
Important buffer
Alum
明矾
319
Al(OH)
3
Zn
ZnSO
4
Fe
FeO
Fe
< br>2
O
3
Pb
Co
Cr
Cu
Hg
Mn
Ni
Si
Ti
Ag
Au
aluminum
hydroxide
zinc
zinc sulfate
Iron
iron oxide; ferrous
oxide
ferric oxide
Lead
Cobalt
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Manganese
Nickel
Silicon
Titanium
Silver
Gold
PbO
lead oxide,
CoCl
2
cobalt chloride
Cu(NO
3
)
2
Copper nitrate
MnO
2
managanese dioxide
SiO
2
silica
TiO
2
titanium dioxide
AgNO
3
silver nitrate
表二
常见有机物英文名
(Fill in
the blanks for practice.)
Chemical
symbol
C
n
H
2n+2
Chemical name
alkane
Other names;
related compounds
Methane,
ethane,
propane,
butane,
pentane,
hexane,
heptanes,
octane,
nonane,
decane, hexadecane
Ethene or
ethylene, propene or
propylene,
butene
or
butylene,
cyclopentane
Ethyne, 1,3-butadiene
Benzene, naphthalene
Alcohol; propanol, butanol
Acetone, methyl
ethyl ketone
R: saturated
Ethanoic acid; butanoic acid
Formate (salt)
C
n
H
2n
Alkene, cycloalkane
C
n
H
2n-2
R-OH
CH
3
OH
HCHO
CH
3
CHO
R-O-R
R-COOH
HCOOH
320
Alkyne
，
diene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
alcohol
methanol
ethanol
formaldehyde
acetaldehyde
ketone
Alkanoic acid
Acetic acid
Formic acid
R-COOR
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
RCOOCH
3
Fatty acid
methyl ester, C12-18
biodiesel
Dimethyl ether
DME
二甲醚
Diethyl ether
乙醚
Methyl-t-butyl ether
MTBE
bezene
toluene
methylbezene
xylene
Dimethylbenzene, 3
isomers
ethylbenzene
naphthalene
C
6
H
5
OH
phenol
苯酚
C
6
Cl
5
< br>OH
pentachlorophenol
aniline
aminobenzene
nitrobenzene
C
6
H
5
OOCCH
3
Phenyl acetate
CHCl
3
chloroform
trichloromethane
glucose
Hexose
六碳糖
ribose
Pentose
五碳糖
R-CHNH
2
-COOH
Amino acid
Glycine, lysine,
glutamic acid
HOCH
2
CH
2
OH
Ethylene
glycol
Glycol; diethylene glycol
glycerol
Glycerine,
甘油
triglyceride
Palmic acid
棕榈酸
Stearic acid
Unsaturated
fatty
acid
Polyunsaturated fatty
acids
不饱和脂肪酸
Cyclopentane
cyclohexanol
Furan
tetrahydrofuran
thiophene
dimethyl sulfide
Dimethyl disulfide
pyridine
pyrrole
1,4-dioxane
n-heptane
CH
2
CH
2
O
Ethylene oxide
Prophylene oxide
isooctane
CH
2
=CHCl
Vinyl chloride
Monomer of
PVC
ester
Ethyl
acetate
FAME
321
常用工业化学品中英名
硝酸钙
Calcium
nitrate
冰醋酸
Glacial acetic acid
对苯二酚
Hydroquinone
氢氧化钠
Sodium Hydroxide
叔丁基胺
Tert-
butylamine
丙烯酸树脂
Acrylic resin
十六烷醇
Cetyl
alcohol
乙二醇
Ethylene glycol
甘油
Glycerine or
glycerol
过硫酸铵
Ammonium persulfate
硫酸铵
Ammonium
sulfate
三聚磷酸钠
Sodium tripolyphosphate
氧化镁
Magnesium
oxide
磷酸三钠
Trisodium
Phosphate
对苯二酚
Hydroquinone
月桂醇硫酸钠
sldium
lauryl sulfate
对羟基苯甲酸
para-
hydroxybenzoic acid
苯甲酸钠
Sodium
benzoate
过氧化氢
Hydrogen Peroxide
邻苯二甲酸酐
Phthalic
Anhydride
2,3-
二氨基甲苯
2,3-diamino toluene
三苯基硼
Triphenyl
borane
松油精
Dipentine
高锰酸钾
Potassium
Permanganate
二环戊二烯
Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD)
金红石型氧化钛
Titanium
Dioxide (Rutile)
硼酸
Boric acid
氧化铅
Lead Oxide
邻苯二甲酸酐
0-Phthalic
Anhydride
碳黑
Carbon Black
粒状活性炭
Granular
activated carbon
粉状活性炭
Powered activated carbon
磷酸
Phosphoric
acid
次硫酸钠
Sodium Hydrosulfite
磷酸二氢铵
Ammonium
Dihydrogen Phosphate
水合肼
Hydrazine
Hydrate
干酪素
Casein (food grade)
柠檬酸
Citric acid
硫代硫酸钠
Sodium thiosulfate
硝酸钙
Calcium
nitrate
322
硫酸钾
Potassium
sulfate
氯化钠
Sodium chloride
丙烯酰氯
Acrylyl
chloride
苏打灰
Soda ash
间氯苯胺
m-chloroaniline
尿素
Urea
氧化铁黄
Iron oxide yellow
氧化铁红
Iron oxide
red
1,1,1-
三氯乙烷
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
氯化铵
Ammonium
chloride
苯酚
Phenol
磷酸三钙
Tricalcium
phosphate
碳酸氢钠
Sodium bicarbonate
碳酸钠
Sodium
carbonate
山梨糖醇
Sorbitol
一水葡萄糖
Dextrose
monohydrate
碳化钙
Calcium carbide
酒石酸盐
Tartrate
鉻酸銨
Ammonium chromate
甲酸铵
Ammonium
formate
聚丙烯薄膜
Polypropylene (PP ) Sheet
表三
323
表四
环境科学英语重要单词定义表
Term
Acid rain
Acid-base titration
Acidity
Acoustical materials
Activated carbon
Definition
Precipitation
(rain
，
snow,
sleet,
etc)
that
is
more
acidic
than
normal
caused by air pollutants; also known as
acid precipitation.
The determination
of acid or base concentration by a titration
method.
The amount of acid in water
which requires certain amount of alkali to
neutralize to a given pH, often pH 8.3
as defined in water chemistry.
Sound-
absorbing materials that can be used to reduce
noise.
Specially
produced
carbon
particles
or
granules
which
possess
large
inner
surface
area,
effective
in
adsorbing
solutes
in
water,
or
gaseous
material.
Activated
process
Aeration
sludge
A
controlled
aerobic
biological
treatment
process
which
can
oxidize
organic materials
(BOD) and ammonia, etc, and makes the water more
acceptable to discharge or reuse.
Exposing
water
to
the
air;
often
results
in
the
release
into
the
atmosphere of gaseous impurities found
in polluted water.
Agricultural
waste,
or
Large
quantity
of
unused
products
such
as
rice
straw,
corn
stalk,
etc.
residue
Often can be
converted to compost or other useful products.
Agricultural chemicals
Alkaline
324
Chemicals
used
for
agricultural
purpose,
such
as
fertilizers,
insecticides,
herbicides, etc.
The
opposite of acidic; basic. Alkaline oil or rock
may neutralize acid
rain.
Alpha particles
Alternative
sources
Alum
Atmosphere
Atomic number
Bacterium,
bacteria
Beta particles
A type of radiation
essentially composed of energetic helium nuclei.
energy
Energy sources, such
as solar power, wind power, and so forth, that are
alternative
to
the
fossil
fuels,
nuclear
power,
and
large-scale
hydroelectric power.
Hydrated aluminum sulfate used as
coagulant for water teatment
The sphere
or “layer” of gases that surrounds the
Earth.
The number of protons
in an atomic nucleus
plural:
Microorgamisms of a size range about
0.2 to 10 microns, important for
waste
and
wastewater
treatament,
but
some
may
cause
diseases
(pathogens).
A type of radiation, essentially high-
speed electrons.
Biodegradable plastics
“
Biodegradable
”
generally refers to a
substance that can be degraded,
decomposed by microorganisms into
simple compounds such as water
and
carbon
dioxide.
A
biodegradable
plastic
is
a
plastic
that
can
be
broken
down
in
such
a
manner.
However,
most
plastics
are
synthetic
polymers that are
not biodegradable.
Biodegradability
Biological oxygen
demand
(BOD)
Biological treatment
processes
Biosphere
BTU, or British
Thermal Unit
Kilocalorie
Carbon cycle
Catalytic
converter
Often refering to the
susceptibility of an organic material or compound
to microbial degradation
The
amount of oxygen used by organisms and chemical
processes in a
particular stream, lake,
or other body of water to carry out
decomposition.
Processes
which
use
biological
or
microbiological
transformation
(biodegradation) to convert pollutants
to less harmful products.
The sphere or
“layer” of living organisms on Earth.
The
amount
of
heat
to
raise
one
pound
of
water
for
one
degree
F
of
temperature under spedified condition,
about 0.25 Kilocalorie (Kcal).
The amount of heat to raise one
kilogram of water for one degree C of
temperature under spedified condition,
The biogeochemical cycle of
carbon.
A device that carries out a
number of chemical reactions that
convert
air pollutants to less harmful
substances, often used for treating vehicle
exhaust.
In a
nuclear reactor, when the fissioning of one atom
releases neutrons
that induce the
fissioning of other atoms, and so forth.
The
amount
of
oxygen
equivalent
by
an
oxidizing
chemical
solution,
often
potassium
dichromate
in
strong
acidic
condition,
to
carry
out
decomposition of mainly organic
material in water.
A
group
of
synthetic
organic
pesticides
that
includes
chlordane
and
DDT.
Artificially
produced
compounds
composed
primarily
of
carbon,
fluorine, and chlorine. CFCs have been
implicated in the deterioration
of the
ozone layer.
A
fine-grained,
firm
earthy
material
that
is
plastic
when
wet
and
325
Chain reaction
Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
Chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Clay
hardens
when
heated,
consisting
primarily
of
hydrated
silicates
of
aluminum and widely used in making
bricks, tiles, and pottery
Closed-loop
recycling
Coal-fired power plant
Cogeneration
Cometabolism
The indefinite
recycling of a material or substance without
degradation
or deterioration, such as
the recycling of many metals and glasses.
A electricity generation plant which
uses coal burning for energy. (cf.
gas-
fired power plant, oil-fired power plant)
A power plant produces several types of
energy simultaneously, such as
electricity and heat that can be used
locally.
The
product
of
composing,
or
transforming
organic
waste
to
farming
and
gardening
materials,
often
referred
as
soil
conditioner
or
organic
fertilizer.
A sub-discipline of biology that draws
on genetics, ecology, and other
fields
to
find
practical
ways
to
save
species
from
extinction
and
preserve natural habitats.
Water
that
is
rendered
unusable
for
drinking
by
contaminants
or
harmful material.
The
six
basic
criteria
air
pollutants
are
particulate
matter,
sulfur
dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, lead, and carbon monoxide.
Land that can be successfully
cultivated to grow crops.
An
intense
storm
that
typically
develops
over
a
warm
tropical
sea.
Some
air
pollution
devices
are
also
called
cyclones
because
they
use
centrifugal force for particle
separation.
Removal of ions from water
Removal of salts from water, soil, or
other matrix.
The spread of desert-like
conditions due to human exploitation and
misuse of the land.
Combustion byproduct with aromatic
rings and high toxicity
Often means the
oxygen dissolved (concentration) in water
The region drained by a particular
network of rivers and streams.
The
study of how organisms interact with each other
and their
environment.
Tourism designed to appreciate natural
beauty and to preserve natural
environment.
Water or
wastewater discharged from a source.
A
fundamental substance that cannot be broken down
further into other
elements by standard
chemical means.
The Earth’s energy
budget is, collectively, all of the various flow
pathways of all energy on Earth.
Decreasing the demand for energy.
Complexation
Contaminated
water
Criteria pollutants (in
air)
Cultivable land
Cyclone
Deionization
Desalination
Desertification
Dioxin
Dissolved oxygen
Drainage basin
Ecology
Eco-tourism
Effluent discharge
Element
Energy budget
Energy
conservation
Energy
efficiency
Energy farm
Energy minerals
conversion
The % of energy converted to a
different form,
A farm that produces
biomass to be used as an energy source.
The fossil fuels (oil, coal, and
natural gas) and uranium ore.
326
Energy storage
Entropy
Environment
Environmental
equity
Storing energy in a form that is
readily accessible to humans.
The
amount of of disorder and randomness, in a system.
In the broadest sense, all aspects of
the natural environment plus human
manipulations and additions to the
natural environment.
Treating all
persons, regardless of color, creed, or social
status, equally
when developing
environmental policies and enforcing environmental
laws and regulations.
Environmental
law
or
Rules and limitations set
by the government to control pollution, and to
regulations
protect public
health or property.
Environmental
science
The systematic
study of all aspects of the environment and their
interactions.
Eutrophication
Exotic species
Extirpation
Fermentation
Fissionable
atom
Flocculation
Fluidized
combustion
Food chain
Fossil fuels
Fungus, plural:fungi
Gamma
rays
Grey water
Green
products
Green technologies
Over-feritilization and the overgrowth
of plants in water bodies
A nonnative
species that is artificially introduced to an
area.
The extinction of a species or
other group of organisms in a particular
local area.
Biochemical
transformation often carried out by
microorganisms, such
as wine making.
An atom that is easily split by neutron
penetration, such as U-235.
Bridging of
discrete particles through attraction forces
between
molecules
bed
A
way
to
reduce
air
pollution
by
burning
very
small
coal
particles
at
very
high temperatures in the presence of limestone
particles.
The interrelationships by
which organisms consume other organisms.
Coal,
oil,
natural
gas,
and
related
organic
materials
that
have
formed
over
geologic time.
A type of microorgamisms
important for the decay of complex organic
materials such as wood, straws, etc.
A
type
of
radiation
consisting
of
short-wavelength,
high-energy
electromagnetic
radiation.
Untreated or partially
treated wastewater that is used for such purposes
as watering golf courses and lawns or
flushing toilets.
Products that are
environmentally friendly, recyclable, reusable, or
not
producing pollution.
Environmentally
friendly
technologies,
including
technologies
that
promote
sustainability
via
efficiency
improvements,
reuse/recycling,
and
substitution.
The
warming
up
of
the
lower
atmosphere
due
to
the
accumulation
of
greenhouse
gases that trap heat near the surface of the
Earth.
Gases, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and CFCs, that are relatively
transparent to the higher-energy
sunlight, but trap lower-energy infrared
radiation.
The
period of time of losing one half of a radioactive
element due to
decay
Greenhouse effects
Greenhouse gases
Half-life
327
Hardness
Hazardous waste
The amount
of calcium, magnesium, and certain other ions in
water.
Wastes
that
are
particularly
dangerous
or
destructive;
specifically
characterized
by
one
or
more
of
the
following
properties:
ignitable
，
flammable, corrosive,
reactive, toxic,
radioactive.
Elements,
such
as
lead,
mercury,
zinc,
copper,
cadmium,
chromium,
and so forth, that
can cause damage when ingested or inhaled in
larger
quantities.
A
brown
or
black
organic
substance
consisting
of
partially
or
wholly
decayed
vegetable
or
animal
matter
that
provides
nutrients
for
plants
and increases the
ability of soil to retain water.
A
group of residual materials from rotten biomass
The use of artificial or natural
waterfalls to generate electricity.
The
liquid
water
sphere
or
“layer”
on
Earth;
it
includes
the
oceans,
rivers, lakes, and
so on.
Solid wastes produced by
industries, including wastes from large-scale
manufacturing, mining, material
processing, etc.
Atoms of the same
element that differ from each other in weight
because they have differing numbers of
neutrons, e.g. C-14.
Heavy metals
Humic substances
Humic acid
Hydropower
Hydrosphere
Incineration, incinerator
Controlled burning of materials or
wastes to final ash product.
Industrial
solid waste
Isotopes
Liquefied natural gas or
Mainly liquefied methane
LNG
Liquefied
petroleum
Mainly liquefied propane
gas
or LPG
Landfill
and
sanitary
In the simplest
sense, a hole in the ground where solid waste is
landfill
deposited. In a
modern sanitary landfill, the hole is lined so
that
materials will not escape, and it
is covered with layers of dirt as it is
progressively filled. When completely
filled, it is capped and sealed
with
more dirt and topsoil. A well designed and
controlled landfill
which meets
sanitary and environmental standa
rds is
called “sanitary
landfill”.
Leachate
A liquid solution
that forms as water percolates through waste, such
as
refuse in a landfill or old mining
tailings. Leachate may contain any
chemicals that are water soluble,
particles, and live microorganisms
(and
pathogens).
or
The dose of a
toxic substance that will kill 50% of a certain
population.
LD-50 has become the
standard reference for summarizing the toxicity
of substances.
The amount by
which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than
the
sum of the masses of its
constituent particles.
Also
called
“
mass
deficiency
”.
The sum of the number of neutrons and
protons in an atomic nucleus
Natural
gas, CH
4
, a fossil fuel and
potent greenhouse gas.
A naturally
occurring inorganic solid that has a regular
crystalline
internal structure and
composition
—
for instance,
quartz.
Lethal
Dose-50,
LD-50
Mass defect
Mass number
Methane
Mineral
328
Mineral resources
Multistage
distillation
Minerals and
earth materials that form natural resources from
which
humans draw.
flash
A method of distillation used to
desalinate seawater; cold seawater is
run through a series of coils in
chambers that become progressively
hotter.
The solid waste
produced by the residents and business of a city,
town,
or
other
municipality;
includes
old
newspapers,
packaging
materials,
empty bottles, leftover foods, leaves
and grass clippings, and so forth.
A
substance that cause genetic mutations in sperm or
egg cells.
The physical and biological
environments independent of human
technological intervention.
Gas produced from underground
formation, mainly methane, often
mixed
with hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide before
purification.
A subatomic particle that
has approximately the same mass as a proton,
but does not bear an electric charge.
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen,
usually by nitrogen-fixing
bacteria,
into forms such as ammonia that are more
chemically reactive
than atmospheric
nitrogen and can also take a nongaseous form under
various conditions found on the surface
of Earth.
The biogeochemical cycle of
nitrogen.
NO
x
,
important components of both lower atmospheric
pollution and
the upper atmospheric
greenhouse gases that promote global warming.
Structural materials, such as sand,
gravel, and building stone, and
nonmetallic industrial minerals, such
as salts, sulfur, fertilizer
components, abrasives, gemstones, so
forth.
A resource, such as fossil
fuels, that does not significantly regenerate
itself on a human time scale.
A nuclear reaction in which the nucleus
of an atom splits into smaller
parts,
often producing free neutrons and lighter nuclei,
which may
eventually produce photons
(in the form of gamma rays). Fission of
heavy elements is an exothermic
reaction which can release large
amounts of energy both as
electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic
energy of the fragments (heating the
bulk material where fission takes
place).
The process by which
multiple like-charged atomic nuclei join together
to form a heavier nucleus. It is
accompanied by the release or
absorption of energy, which allows
matter to enter a plasma state.
A type
of atom specified by its atomic number, atomic
mass, and
energy state
A
proton or a neutron, especially as part of an
atomic table
at subatomic particle
Avoiding the use of synthetic
chemicals, such as synthetic or artificial
fertilizers, pesticides, and
herbicides, when farming; many organic
farmers also avoid the use of
genetically modified or bioengineered
329
Municipal solid waste
Mutagen
Natural environment
Natural gas
Neutron
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen
cycle
Nitrogen oxides
Nonmetallic minerals
Nonrenewable
resources
Nuclear fission
Nuclear
fusion
Nuclide
Nucleon
Organic farming
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