-
高考英语概要写作方法
Part I.
什么是摘要
?
A summary is a short
account giving the main points of something longer
or detailed.
概括部分包含几种能力。第一要看
清楚文章的结构，设法反映出原文
中作者的观点。第二要具有意义筛选的能力，学会区分
事实和观点、重要和
次要、普遍与特殊、相关与不相关、原因和结果等复杂的逻辑关系。
第三要
有用英文解释英文的能力，
用自己简单的语言解释比较复
杂的语言文字，
不
能抄袭原文。
对于成绩较差的同学来说，可能对概括感到无从下手。
读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容
1
为概括短文要
点，还有写作内容
2
< br>则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会
忽略了写作内容
2
对写作内容
1
的导航作用
，
而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去
阅读文章得出要点。事实上，<
/p>
所谓
“
读写任
务
”
其实是
“
读
”
和
“
写<
/p>
”
的有机结
合，
“
读
”
的材料是为了后面的
“
写
”
提供情景，同样，
“
写
”
也是对
“
读
”
的材
料的思考和延伸。
故希望大家在概括文
章时，
可考虑命题人提供的写作内容
2
的导航作用，
因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确
性。
一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。
标准的概括采用浮凸式的表达方式，
第一句话是主题句，
清楚明白地
告诉了读者文章的写作目的，
这句话的质量决定了
概括的成败。
后面的句子
对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在
主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。
1
二、概括的写作步骤：
1.
确定主题句。确定阅读文章的
主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需
要自己组合。
2.
寻找关键词。
分析主题句意义，
确定关键词，
关键词一般体现为名词、
形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。
3.
重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作
者的写作目的逆推，
反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，
它基本
决定了概括
的质量。
4.
重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或
者
提供证据。
口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。
(
括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：
短的连词。细
腻：细节和例子
)
三、概括的形式：
“
主题句
+
支撑句
”
即
“
主题
+
主题的什么
”
。
附：
2007
年广东高考概
括部分评分细则：
1.
完全糊涂地照
抄原文，连人称都不改的，得
0
分
;
2.
机械死板地照抄原文，只改人称的，得
1
分
;
3.
稍微灵活地抄原文，改主语，宾语、原文词序的，得
2
分<
/p>
;
4.
创造性地抄，改主语，宾语、原
文词序还有句子结构的，最多得
3
分。
5.
结构、用词，词性变化比较好的
4
至
5
分。
2
高考英语概要写作技巧
Part II.
写概括的具体方法
Ⅰ
.The Steps of Writing a
Summary
A.
定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时
;
如果是现
在的，那么基本时态用现在时
;
不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如
The
passage
tells us that----- - --.
B.<
/p>
定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。
(
特殊如书信的，可能会
使用第一、二人称
;)
C.<
/p>
定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。
1)Use words of
similar meanings
同义替换法
I
didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was
not patient.
I didn’t catch any
fish_________ I was not patient.
2)Adopt the opposite way when saying a
sentence
正话反说法
3
You will fail. = You will ____________.
3)Change the part of
speech
词性转换法
Patience is
very important. Patience is of
_____________________ .
4)Change the structure of a
sentence
句式变化法
语态变换：
Parents should give
children more praise.
→Children should ________
more praise.
简单句变复合句：
Children should be encouraged more.
This will help them learn faster.
Children should
be encouraged more, _______ will help them learn
faster..
5)Use the shortest possible
transitions
连词衔接法
注意使用一些短而精的连词，如
but, and, so,
while, however, then, yet, for,
therefore, thus, including, instead of
等。
4
We
should encourage children. We should not scold
them.
We should encourage children__________
scolding.
6) Change the
order of the words.
词序改变法
D.
下列是常规的实用技巧。
Skill1: Omit (
省略
)
the details
Skill2: Omit the
repetitions
Skill3: Omit the examples
Skill4: Use
general(
概括性
) words instead
of specific(
具体的
) words )
Skill5: Put the main points of a
dialogue in indirect speech
写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1)
删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2)
避
免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使
用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
3)
删除具体例子。不过，阅读材料本身是由几个具体例子构
成的，如
阅读材料是谈西方种种节日的，
如删除具体例子，
则概括很难达到
30
个词，
那就选择一至两个例子
(
即一两个主要节日
)
。注：原文中可能包括
5
个或更
多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
5
（高一
1
胡圳杰）
Original:
Why do some animals die
out?
In the past two hundred years
people have caused many kinds of animals to die
out--to become extinct. People keep
building houses and factories in fields and woods.
As they spread over the land, they
destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find
a
place to live, they die out. Sixteen
kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for
this reason. Other animals, such as the
Florida Key deer, may soon die out because
they are losing their homes. Hunters
have caused some animals to become extinct,
too. In the last century, hunters
killed all the passenger pigeons in North America
and
most of the buffalos.
Today they are fast killing off hawks
and wolves. Pollution is killing many
animals today, too. As rivers become
polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that
eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong,
healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no
animals have become extinct because of
pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle
and the brown pelican, have become rare
and may die out.
Scientists think that
some animals become extinct because of changes in
climate.
The places where they live
become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food
that
they eat cannot grow there any
more. If the animals can't learn to eat something
else,
they die. Dinosaurs may have died
out for this reason.
Summary:
6
In the past
two hundred years, many kinds of animals have died
out. There are
several reasons for it.
First, people keep building houses and factories
in fields and
woods, which destroys
animals' homes. Then, hunters' killing has also
caused some
animals to become extinct.
Besides, some animals aren't able to bear strong
offspring
and nor do they have enough
food to eat because of pollution and climatic
changes.
（高一
2
王楚涵）
Writing 1
阅读下
面短文，根据其内容写一篇
60
词左右的内容概要。
Yesterday Matt was sick.I picked
up Archie from the sitter and Eloise from
school and decided to run to Target for
a few things.I had hoped to be in and out
quickly.
I found a line with
just one person ahead of me and began organizing
my items
on the placing my
items
，
I looked up to see
that the person ahead of
me was an
elderly woman. She was paying for her items with
change and wanted to
purchase each
separately.I was frustrated with this woman and
the inconvenience she
had placed on me.
But then I watched the young employee
with this woman.I watched him help
her
count her change
，
ever so
softly taking it from her shaking hands. When she
asked if she had enough to buy a
reusable bag
，
he told her she
did and went two lines
over to get one
for her and then repackaged her nce was this
employee
was nothing but patient and
kind.
7