人类语言学共性

1582

Standardized

If a language has a causative morpheme which expresses permissiveness, this

morpheme usually combines with a larger group of verbal stems in this meaning than in its

second meaning, factitivity, which is implied by the first.

标准表达式

如果一种语言有一个使役 语素表达放纵的意思，那么这个语素比起在第二意思中，

通常在本义中结合了更多组动词 性质的词干，后接宾语和补语，暗含于本义当中。

1583

Standardized

The following four causative oppositions: (1) laugh - make laugh, amuse; (2) boil - bring to

boil; (3) burn - ignite (of a paper); (4) break, get broken - break in two (of a stick),

display varying predispositions to expression by one or another formal opposition. Thus,

A. The probability that a formal opposition with a causative morpheme will appear

decreases from the first causative opposition to the fourth.

B. The probability that a formal opposition with an anticausative morpheme will appear

increases from the first causative opposition to the fourth.

C. The probability that a conversive formal opposition will appear increases from the

second causative opposition to the fourth (it was not not found at all in the first).

D. Suppletive formal oppositions are encountered almost exclusively in the second and

third causative oppositions, which indicates that there is a greater tendency for the first

and fourth semantic oppositions to be expressed by one and the same root morpheme.

标准表达式

下面四组使役对立：（< /p>

1

）笑

-

使

…

笑，使欢乐；

(2)

沸腾

-

使沸腾；（

3

）流浪，乞讨

-

点燃（纸张）；（

< br>4

）打破，被打破

-

破碎成两半 （从一根）

显示多种不同倾向的表达的一个或另一个正式的反意词。因此

A.

一个有着使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使 役反意词到第四个

的减少。

B.

一个有着非使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四

个的增加

C.

后正式对立会 使可能性出现从第二使役反意词到第四的增加

（这在第一项中也可

以发现）

D.

替补的正式对立遇见 的几乎完全是是第二和第三个使役对立，

这表明存在一个更

大的 趋势也就是第一和第四的语义对立表达的是同一个词根语素。

1584

-whole and/or

Standardized

IF culturally basic possessed items are among ‘inalienables’, THEN part

spatial relations are included in the ‘inalienable’ class as well.

IF part-whole and/or spatial relations are a

mong ‘inalienables’, THEN kin terms and/or

body parts are included in the ‘inalienable’ class as well.

标准表达式

如果文化基本具备项目在

’

不可分割

’

范围中，那么部分和

/

或空间关系也在

’

不可分

割

’

范围中。

如果部分和

/

或空间关系在

’

不可分割

’

范围中，那么亲属称谓和

/

或身体的部 分也在

’

不可分割

’

< br>范围中。

1585

Standardized

Provided there is a split in the marking of possession, inalienable possession tends to be

encoded through head-marking and alienable possession through dependent-marking.

标准表达式

只要有一个分裂的标记，

不可分割的所有往往通过编码的头标记和可通 过从属标记

的可分割所有。

1586

Standardized

IF possession is regularly head-marked, THEN there will be an opposition of alienable

and inalienable possession.

BY CONTRAPOSITION:

IF there is no opposition of alienable and inalienable possession, THEN possession is

regularly dependent-marked .

标准表达式

如果所有是规则的头标记 ，那么就会有一个可分割和不可分割的所有对立。

相反的

如果没有可分割和不可分割的 所有对立，那么其所有是规则的从属标记

1587

Standardized

IF there is a set of nouns which cannot occur without a possessive marker, THEN there

will be head-marked possession.

标准表达式

如果有一堆名词它们不能 脱离领属标记存在，那么它们是头标记所有。

1588

Standardized

IF products are among inalienables, THEN so are pet animals;

IF pet animals are among inalienables, THEN so are kin terms;

IF kin terms are among inalienables, THEN so are clothing items;

IF clothing items are among inalienables, THEN so are inherent attributes;

IF inherent attributes are among inalienables, THEN so are body parts.

标准表达式

如果产品属于不可分割，那么宠物也是

;

如果宠物属于不可分割，那么金也是；

如果金属于不可分割，那么服装也是；

如果服装属于不可分割，那么固有属性也是；

如果固有属性属于不可分割，那么身体部分也是。

1589

Standardized

IF basic order is verb-final, THEN there will be a strong tendency to place grammatical

morphemes (grams) after the verb, and eventually to suffix them.

标注表达式

如果基础顺序是动词置于 最后，

那么会有很大的趋势在动词之后代替语法语素，

最

终作为它们的后缀。

1590

Standardized

IF basic order is verb-medial, THEN there is a strong tendency for preposed grammatical

morphemes not to be affixed (i.e., to be free).

标准表达式

如果基本顺序是

verb-medial

，然后有一种强烈的趋势，前置语法语素不固定

（例，可以免费）

。

1591

Standardized

IF there are internal relative clauses, THEN word order will be SOV.

标准表达式

如果有内部关系从句，那 么单词语序就是

SOV

。

1592

Standardized

IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN basic word order will be OV.

IF basic word order is OV, THEN there will be left-branching.

FROM WHICH FOLLOWS:

IF there are internally headed relative clauses, THEN there will be left-branching NP

structure.

标准表达式

如果是以内部结构为首的关系从句，那么基本单词顺序就是

OV

如果基本单词顺序是

OV

，那么就会存 在左分支

从以上可以得出