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一、
The Anglo-Saxon period
(449-1066)
1
、这个时
期的文学作品分类：
pagan(
异教徒
) Christian(
基督徒
)
2
、
代表作
:
The Song of
Beowulf
贝奥武甫
(national epic
民族史诗
)
采用了暗喻、
押
头韵手法。勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。怪物之母为
子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。后来他做了国王。一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，
伤重而死。
人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。
3
、
The ancestors
of the English are Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
二、
The Anglo-Norman period
(1066-1350)
1
、
The
Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy
William led the Norman
army to invade
England. The result of this war was William became
the king of
England.
After the conquest, feudal system was
established in English society.
Chivalry was introduced by the Normans
into England.
1066
年诺曼人入侵，带来
了欧洲大陆的封建制度，
也带来了一批
说法语的贵族。
古英语受到了统治阶层语
言的影响
,
本身也在起着变化
,12
世纪后发展为中古英语。文学上也出现了新风
尚，
盛行用韵文写
的骑士传奇，
它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，
其中艺<
/p>
术性高的有
Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight
高文爵士与绿衣骑士。它用头韵体
诗写成，内容是
古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。
2
、传奇：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或
为
了赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。
三、
Geoffrey
Chaucer
(1340-1400)
（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）
1
、
the father of
English poetry
英国诗歌之父
2
、
the first great
poet who wrote in purely English(the London
dialect
伦敦方言
)
3
、
heroic
couplet
英雄双韵体
4
、代表作：
The
Canterbury Tales
坎特伯雷故事集
(
英国文学史的开端
)
内容：
The pilgrims are people
from various parts of England, representatives of
various walks of life and social
groups.
朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人
,
代表着社
会的各个不同阶层和社会团体。
特点：
Each of the
narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner,
thus revealing his own
views and
character.
这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明
了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
The story was
endowed with what medieval
romance
lacked-interest of character as well as incident.
观点：
He believes
in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is
anxious to see man
freed from
superstitions and a blind belief in fate.
他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的
盲从中解脱出来。
主要故事
:
①
The
Knight
’
s Tale
②
The
Pardoner
’
s Tale
③
The
Merchant
’
s Tale
④
The Wife of Bath
四、
The Renaissance
(16
世纪
)
文艺复兴时期
1
、
Background:
(Renaissance started in Italy in 14th
century)
①工商业、
城市的
复兴②地理大发现
(Geographical Discoveries)
、
科学技术的发展
③海上殖民主义和资本主义生产
关系的出现④古希腊罗马文化的发现⑤以城市
为中心、以市民为支柱的工商金融体系⑥军
事上与西班牙决战
Political: Feudal
nobility lost much of their power, with the
centralization of political
and
military power that came with the establishment of
the great monarchies
necessary for the
development of capitalism. (The New
Monarchy)
Another form of
political struggle is The Reformation of the
church. Catholicism was
at first
challenged and then was replaced by
Protestantism.
Economic:
Geographical Discoveries (commercial expansion and
broadening the
mental horizons) in the
commercial expansion, Spain was the rival with
England over
the sea. At last a war
broke out in 1588. it ended with the rout of the
Spanish fleet
“Armada”. In the cities
the merchants and the master artisans grew in
wealth, while in
the countryside the
peasants were badly exploited. They either rose in
uprisings or ran
away to the cities to
add to the factory workers. (The Enclosure
Movement)
Cultural: In the
literary field, the so-called revival of learning
includes the study of
ancient Greek and
Roman literature and philosophy. There was the
growing interest in
man and the
infinite capabilities of man against implicit
faith in God.
2
、主要文学成就：
drama:
Christopher Marlowe
(1478-1535)
马洛、
Willi
am Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
lyrical poetry
抒情诗
:
Thomas
Wyatt
(150
3?-1542)
、
Edmund
Spenser
(1552-1599)
prose
essay:
Francis Bacon
(1561-16
26)
、
Thomas More
(1
478-1535)
、
Thomas
Nashe
(1567-1602)
Christopher Marlowe made blank verse
the principal vehicle of expression in drama.
Edmund Spenser
：
po
et
’
s
poet(
诗人中的诗人
)
Francis Bacon:
书上的
Of
Truth
、
Of Studies
均
选自
Essays
论文集
Thomas
Wyatt: the first to
introduce the sonnet into English literature
引入十四行诗
的第一人
韵
脚排列规律：
ABABCDCDEFEFGG(P
118
为例
)
3
、
William
Shakespeare
四大悲剧：
Hamlet
哈姆雷特
Othello
奥赛罗
King
Lear
李尔王
The Tragedy of
Macbeth
麦克白
四大喜剧：
A Midsummer
Night
’
s
Dream
仲夏夜之梦
The Merchant of
Venice
威尼斯商人
As You Like
It
皆大欢喜
Twelfth
Nigh
t
第十二夜
十四行诗
P
118
赏析
Sonnet
18
:
或许我可用夏日将你作比方
/
但你比夏日更可爱也更温良
/
夏风狂作常会摧落五月
的娇蕊
/
夏季的期限也未免还不太长
/
有时候天眼如炬人间酷
热难当
/
但转瞬又金
面如晦常惹云遮雾
障
/
每一种美都终究会凋残零落
/
或见弃于机缘，或受挫于天道
无常
/
然而你永恒的夏季却不会终止
/
你优美的形象
也永远不会消亡
/
死神难夸口
说你在它
罗网中游荡
/
只因你借我的诗行便可长寿无疆
< br>/
只要人口能呼吸，人眼看
得清
/
我这诗就长存，使你万世流芳
Theme
：
The poet
writes beautifully on the conventional theme that
his poetry will
bring eternity to the
one he loves and eulogizes.
Shall I
compare you to a summer's day?/You are more
beautiful and gentle./Stormy
winds will
shake the May flowers,/and summer lasts for too
short of a
time./Sometimes the sun is
too hot,/and many times it is overcast,/and
everything
beautiful eventually
decays,/either by some unforseen circumstance, or
nature's
course./But your beauty will
never fade/or lose its inherent loveliness,/even
Death
will not be able to claim
you,/when in my eternal poetry you will grow./As
long as
there are people who see and
breathe,/this will live and give you
life.
Sonnet 29:
当我受尽命运和人们的白眼
/
暗暗地哀
悼自己的身世飘零
/
徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞆的
昊天
/
顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰
/
愿我和另一个一样富于希望
/
面貌
相似，又和
他一样广交游
/
希求这人的
渊博，那人的内行
/
最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头
/
可是，
当我正要这样看轻自己
/
忽然想起了你，于是我的精神
/
便
像云雀破晓从阴霾的大
地
/
振翮上升，
高唱着圣歌在天门
/
一想起你的爱使我
那么富有
/
和帝王换位我也不
屑于屈就
Theme
：①
The poet
complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction
in life and then
becomes happy upon the
thought of the one he loves.
②
Here Shakespeare is
supposed to reveal his own thoughts and
feelings, especially in the first octet.
Sonnet 106:
当我从那湮远的古代的纪年
/
发见那绝代风流人物的写真
/
艳色使得古老的歌咏也
香艳
/
颂赞着多情骑士和绝命佳人
/
于是，
从
那些国色天姿的描画
/
无论手脚、
嘴唇
、
或眼睛或眉额
/
我发觉那些古拙的笔
所表达
/
恰好是你现在所占领的姿色
/
所以他
们的赞美无非是预言
/
我们这时代，
一切都预告着你
/
不过他们观察只用想象的眼
/
还不够才华把你歌颂得尽
致
/
而我们，幸而得亲眼看见今天
/<
/p>
只有眼惊羡，却没有
舌头咏叹
对
哈姆雷特独白
P
76
的理解：
(
可能是以
paraphrase
的形式考
)
他想摆脱那腐朽的
皮囊，
逃离那牢狱似的世界，
但又对黑暗的王国心怀恐惧。
矛盾重重的
哈姆雷特
在焦灼的内心和冷酷的现实之间不得安宁。
译文：生存或毁灭
,
这是个必答之问
题
:
是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击
,
还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌
,
并将其克服。
此二抉择
,
就
竟是哪个较崇
高
?
死即睡眠
,
它不过如此
!
倘若一
眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患
,
那么
,
此结
局是可盼的
!
死去
,
睡去
...
但在睡眠中可能有梦
,
啊
,
这就是个阻碍
< br>:
当我们摆脱
了此垂死之皮囊
,
在死之长眠中会有何梦来临
?
它令我们
踌躇
,
使我们心甘情愿的
承受长年之灾
,
否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨
,
如暴君之政、
骄者之傲、
失恋之痛、
法章之慢、贪官之侮、或庸民之辱
,
假如他能
简单的一刃了之
?
还有谁会肯去做牛
做
马
,
终生疲於操劳
,
默默的忍受其苦其难
,
而不远走高飞
,
飘於渺茫之境
,
倘若
他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前
?
此境乃无人知晓之邦
,
自古无返者。
The
question is to live or not to live. Is it nobler
to suffer the outrageous misfortunes
or
to oppose those misfortunes and end my life? I
wish very much to die and no
longer
suffer the heartaches and natural shocks that
exist. When we are dead it is
possible
that we can no longer dream, but when we sleep we
can dream. There is no
reason to suffer
through life for so long. Who would want to suffer
all the things that
are bad in life,
and there is so much; unrequited love, the lack of
efficient law, poor
leadership. The
patient man can not handle all of this and instead
wants to take
matters into his own hand
even with a simple dagger. This would relieve the
stresses
that are suffered. But we do
not know what awaits us in the after-life and this
is what
is so frightening. No one has
ever returned from death and this is why it is so
frightening. When we die we go
someplace that we are not familiar with and join
people whom we are not familiar with.
This is why we are all afraid of death, and so
the person who thinks about this
situation does not know what to do. We are afraid
of
the action that we take causing
death. But wait, What about Ophelia, the spirit.
May
my sins be remembered forever!
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