-
（
1
）表示时间关系
的过渡词：
before,
next,
then,
often,
after,
during,
always,
sometime,
since,
at the same time,
while,
meanwhile
The school counselors should help
students who are new to a school.
Before the
first day
of school, they should give an
orientation to the building.
On the
opening
day
,
they
should introduce the students to the teacher.
After
the
students have gotten
used
to
their
classes,
the
counselors
should
find
out
about
any
hobbies
that
the
students
might have and recommend some extracurricular
clubs.
Sometime during
the
first month, the
counselor should invite the parents to visit the
school so they can meet
the teachers
and administrators.
(2)
表示程度的过渡词：
most
important,
first,
primarily,
essentially,
less
important,
second,
secondary,
principally
basically
subordinate
lesser
chiefly
One of the
most
important
gifts we can give
to a child is an animal.
Above
all
,
an
animal
will help a child learn responsibility.
A lesser
reason,
but an important one, is
that a pet,
especially a dog, will return the child’s love.
But
essentially
,
a child needs
to learn how
to take care of something that is dependent on the
child.
(3)
表示对比与比较的过渡词：
to compare
similar to,
similarly,
like, alike ,
either/or,
correspondingly,
resemble,
almost
the
same
as,
at
the
same
time
as,
as,
just
as,
in
a
like
manner,
in
the
same
way,
common
in,
than,
also
,
neither/or,
to
contrast,
differ
from,
however,
otherwise,
still,
nevertheless ,even do, different from,
less than, more than, unlike, in contrast to, on
the other hand, although , while yet,
but , instead
Although
my
friend
chose
to
buy
a
car
with
his
gift,
I
would
have
gone
on
vacation. He said he needed the car to
go to work,
but
I
think he should take the bus.
He
also
wanted
the
car
for
convenience.
However
,
a
taxi
is
just
as
convenient
and
doesn’t have to be serviced. We are
both
alike
in that
neither
or us
know how to drive.
Otherwise
,
I
might have bought a car, too.
< br>（
4
）
表示因果关系的过渡词：
so, thus, consequently, therefore, for
this reason,
as a result, because,
because of , owing to, since, due to, although, so
that
Effective
advertising
wants
to
change
people’s
behaviors.
Some
public
ser
vice
ads show
coffins or people who died of lung cancer;
as a result
many
people have
quit
smoking.
Other
ads
show
glamorous
people
smoking;
consequently
young
people
start
to
smoke.
Owing
to
the
susceptibility
of
youth
to
advertising,
many
cigarette ads are not allowed near
schools or on TV.
Although
these rules have been
in
effect a long time, the number of young smokers
has increased. If this is not
due
to
advertising, what is the
reason?
（
5
）表示解释的过渡词：
in
other
words,
to
clarify,
to
explain,
to
paraphrase,
as,
like,
that
is
,
for
example,
such
as,
for
instance,
to
illustrate,
namely
People are never too old to attend
college.
For example,
there
are many women
who
stayed
at
home
to
raise
their
families
and
now
have
time
to
return
to
school.
There are other examples
such as
retired people who
move to a college town just so
they can
take occasional classes or even working people in
their sixties,
for instance,
who what to take some night classes.
In other
words,
you are never too old
to learn.
（
6
）表示增加信息的过渡词：
in addition,
besides,
furthermore,
as
well as,
moreover,
similarity,
also,
what’s
more
Besides
the fact that
English is the international language of business,
it is
also
becoming
the
language
of
social
interaction.
Because
of
the
Internet,
many
people
correspond
in
English
by
e-mail.
Moreover,
much
of
the
information
on
the
World
Wide
Web
is
in
English
as
well
as
in
the
language
of
the
web
host.
In
addition,
English is the language of diplomacy.
（
7
）代词
：
he/his/his,
she/her/her,
we/us/our,
they/them/their,
it/it/its,
this,
that, these, those
My community should hire a health
worker. I worked in a rural area one summer
with a community health worker and saw
the wonderful ways
she
helped the people
in
the
area.
She
worked
with
mothers
teaching
them
how
to
keep
their
children
healthy. She worked with schoolteachers
helping
them
recognize early
signs of illness.
She worked with
restaurant personnel showing
them
proper food handling
techniques.
A
community
needs
help
in
many
ways.
This
is
one
way
its
citizens
can
make
it
healthier.
1
、列举类
列举法常用在议论文中，
当作者提出
一个论点后，
可通过列举出一系列事实对其进行说
明或论证。列
举类关联词有：
first(ly), second(ly),... finally; for
one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the
other hand;
moreover;
furthermore;
what's
more;
in
addition;
besides;
first
of
all;
in
the
first
place,
in
the
second place; (at)last; then; next; the
last but not the least
2
、举例类
举例法是用事例或数据对中心观点进行说明论证的方法，举例
类关联词有：
for example; for instance; such as;
like; take...for example; a case in point; namely;
in other
words; that is; especially; in
particular
3
、比较和对比
比较是把两种或两种以上的事物进
行比较，
以辨别出它们的相似之处；
对比是将这些事
物进行对照，辨别其差异而指出各自的特征和本质。这类关联词有：
but;
however;
yet;
otherwise;
while;
in
contrast;
by
contrast;
on
the
contrary;
similarly;
likewise;
like;
conversely;
rather
than;
instead;
on
the
other
hand;
equally;
nevertheless;
nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same
way; compared with...
4
、
因果类
as
a
result;
since;
because(of);
thanks
to;
due
to;
owing
to;
for
this
reason;
hence;
thus;
therefore; on this/that account; on
account of; consequently
5
、总结类
总结法是指在表达了一个观点或举
了一个例子后，
进行总结、
给出概括，
这类关联词有：
in this case; according to; in a word;
in brief; in short; to sum up.
3
．按时间顺序（
time
order
）或空间顺序（
space
order
）来完成段落。
按照时间
和空间的顺序来组织段落是记叙文常用的方法。
有时两种方法单独使用，
有时混合
使用。例如：
（
1
）按时
间顺序
We had a hard time getting Peter out of
the well he had fallen into. First we fashioned a
rope
by linking our belts together.
Then we lowered it to Peter, telling him to grasp
the end. After he
had hold of the belt-
rope, we began to pull him slowly, inch by inch,
out of the well. During his
ascent, no
one dared speak a word. Finally we could grasp his
arms, and with a shout of relief, we
pulled him out onto the grassy band.
(2)
按空间顺序
Down the middle
of the valley runs a clear, fast stream in which
one may fish. In the low land
along the
stream are the farmlands; beyond them are the
pastures. Behind the tops of the first hills
are the big mountains. At the very top
in the pure, brown rock of EI Ermitano Mountain,
which
shows snow until the middle of
summer. Flowers cover the pasturelands in season.
空间顺序法常用的过渡词有：
beyond, above, under,
nearby, outside, in here, across, close to,
on(to)the left(right), ahead of,
in
front of, above, across, across, from, adjacent
to, against, around, at the bottom, before,
behind,
below, beneath, between,
beyond, close at hand, close to down, far,
farther, in the center of, in the
distance, in the middle of, nearby,
near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite
to, on top of ,
over, under,
up
等。
4
．定义法（
definition<
/p>
）
当段落的主题阐述“是什么”
（
What i
s
）时，便可用定义法。词典中的词条解释便是定
义法最好的例
子：
define
→
State
precisely the meaning of sth;
dictionary
→
a book
listing and explaining the words of a language;
example
→
fact,
thing, etc. which illustrates or represents a
general rule;
hope
→
feeling of
expectation and desire.
定义法用一段话来解释说明某事物的性质和特征等，
定义的对象可以
是一个抽象的概念
或具体的事物，包括性质、特征、结构、用途、行为、原理、来源等等
。例如：
What
is
honesty?
Honesty
means
speaking
the
truth
and
being
fair
and
upright
in
act.
Honesty
is a good virtue. He who lies cheats is dishonest.
Those who gain fortunes, not by hard
labor, but by other means are
dishonest.
定义法常用法表达方法有：
what is
?
, to be defined as, to
refer to, the definition of
?
is, to be used to describe,
in a
very
real
sense,
in
a
limited
sense,
this
is,
this
means,
be
explained,
state
that,
in
other
words.
namely
等。
5
．因果法（
cause and
effect
）
当段落的主题要解释“为什么”
（<
/p>
Why
）时，便可采用“因果法”
。因果
法根据事物的原
因（
cause
）推导
出来结果（
effect
）
，它以事实
（
fact
）和证据（
evidenc
e
）为根据，前后过程
合乎逻辑和常理，因果关系可分以前因后
果，
前果后因，
一因一果和多果多因多种式。
< br>考研
作文中常用到一因多果和多因一果形式。例如：
（
1
）
一因多果：
It was the end of my
exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New
York restaurant.(
因
)
Cap had gone
away, my apron was stained, my feet ached.
(
果
)The loaded trays I
carried felt
heavier.(
果
)Weary
and discouraged, I didn
’
t
seem able to do anything
right,(
果
)As I made out a
complicated
check
for
a
family
with
several
children
who
had
changed
their
ice-cream
order
a
dozen times, I was ready to quit
.(
果
)
一段第一句为主题句，其余的句子为扩展句，四个扩展句的内容是由主题句中
“
exhausting
”一种原因所产生的多种
果。
（
2
）一果多因：
Health is a
condition of wisdom, and a sign of
cheerfulness.(
果
)If a man is
in poor health, he
will have many
troubles and suffer a great
deal.(
因
)He has to spend much
time and money to go to
a
hospital
for
examinations
and
treatment.(
因
)In
addition,
his
relatives
and
friends have
to
take
care
of
him,(
因
)In
this
sense,
poor
health
brings
trouble
to
others
as
well
as
to
the
patient
himself.(
因
)As we
know, happiness and success depend on achievements
and progress.(
因
)Good
health is one of the many factors that
lead to achievement and success, and the basis of
them is
health.(
因
)
本段的第一句为主题句，提出作者
的观点，即“健康是智慧的条件，快乐的标志”
，后
面的扩展句
说明这种观点的原因，证明为什么这个结论是正确的。
because, since, as, seeing that, the
reason why…because of, on account of due to, so,
thus, hence,
therefore,
accordingly,
consequently,
so
that,
as
a
result
of,
in
consequence
of,
result
in,
result
from, lead to, so…as
to, owing to, to have an effect on,
for
the reason, in this way
等。
6
．比较
与对比法（
comparison
contrast
）
当段落的主题要指出两件以上事物的相同，
< br>（
similarities
）或相异（
differences
）之处时，
便可采用比较或对
比的方法。
“比较”阐述所比对象的相似之处：
“对比”阐述所比对象不同之处。比较和对比一
般
采用两种方法来组织：
1
）
对两项或多项事的异同之处逐点进行比较对照，
排列顺序为：
A1
，
B1
，
A2
，
B2
；
A3
，
B3
?。
2
）对两项或多项事物的异同之处逐项进行比较对照，排列顺序
为：
A1
，
A2
，
A3;B1,B2,B3;
?。例如
（
1
）
比较
Paragraph and Essay
Despite
their
obvious
differences
in
length,
the
paragraph
and
the
essay
are
quite
similar
structurally.
For
example,
the
paragraph
is
introduced
by
either
a
topic
sentence
or
a
topic
introducer
followed
by
a
topic
sentence.
In
the
essay
the
first
paragraph
provides
introductory
material and
establishes the topic sentence. Similarly, the
body of an essay consists of a number of
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