研究生英语学术论文写作基础杨炳钧参考答案 (1)

一词表明了其研究方法是综述或评述。

总体来看内容比较

合理。不过，

“结论”部分的语言表达需要作如下改进：

We

review

ancient

and

modern

Chinese

scholarly

perspectives

related

to

the

acquisition of personal

morality. It

can be concluded that morality is best conveyed

through education, and it needs to be an essential component of a basic K-12 secular

educational curriculum.

The Clone of Upstream Control Sequence of Bombyx mandarina Sericin1 Gene

这个摘要的 标题需要改进，根据内容应当修改为

Comparing

the

upstream

regulation sequence of silkworm sericin gene

内容包括：

背景

[

第< /p>

1

、

2

句

]

研究目的和方法

[

< br>第

3

、

4

句

]

研究结论

[

第

5

句

]

时态和有些表达表达不当，应当修改如下：

Abstract:

The sericin1 gene is the main expression gene which expresses the sericin

protein,

and

its

sequence

and

structure

has

been

studied

in

detail.

Its

upstream

regulation sequence has much influence on the expression and regulation of the gene.

This

research

compared

the

upstream

regulation

sequence

of

silkworm

sericin

gene

with that of sericin gene of different Bombyx

mandarina from different areas through

PCR,

analysed the polymoriphyism of

Bombyx

mandarina

sequences

by comparing

the

difference

among

sequences.

The

results

indicated

that

the

upstream

regulation

sequence

of

sericin

gene

between

silkworm

and

Bombyx

mandarina

was

highly

homologous.

Keywords:

sericin

gene;

upstream

control

sequence;

polymoriphyism;

Bombyx

mandarina

Study of characteristics of DFB laser with optical feedback

这个摘要的标题 需要改进，

根据内容应当修改为

Output characteristics of DFB

lasers subjected to optical feedback

背景

第

1

、

2

句

]

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研究目的和方法

[in this paper

到

the simulation results

之前

]

研究结论

[

剩余部分

]

时态、标点有些表达不当，应当修改如下：

Abstract

:

With

the

development

of

optical

communication,

semiconductor

lasers

become

indispensable

in

long

distance

communication

and

information

processing,

but

they

are

very

sensitive

to

external

optical

feedback

and

tend

to

yield

nonlinear

dynamic

output.

Based

on

the

theoretical

model

of

semiconductor

lasers

with

external-cavity

optical

feedback

by

Lang-Kobayashi,

the

output

characteristics

of

DFB

lasers

subjected

to

optical

feedback

are

studied

in

this

paper.

The

simulation

results showed that, under the optical feedback, the output of DFB lasers are affected

by

feedback

strength

and

feedback

delay

time.

When

the

feedback

strength

and

feedback delay time

are

increased, DFB lasers exhibit

stable period-one

oscillation,

period-two

oscillation,

multi-period

oscillation,

deterministic

chaos

and

many

other

complex nonlinear instabilities. When the DFB lasers exhibit chaotic characteristics,

the

output

of

the

semiconductor

lasers

is

complicated,

irregular,

and

noise-like

sub-nanosecond pulse waveform.

Key words:

DFB laser; external-cavity; optical feedback

练习二：

【解答】

引言，背景，目的，假设，方法，结果，讨论，结论。

这几个部分中，“引言”和“讨论”不能在摘要中出现。其他部分都可以在

摘要中出现，但要简明扼要。

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第四章

引言部分的构成及其写法

课前准备

【提示】学生自由回答，尽可能发挥想象。

引言内的常用表达

【提示】虽然类似于

in this paper/artic le

等表达好学、好用，但写得好的摘要一般

很少见到这样的表 达。

课后练习

【解答】

引言一

研究背景：

One of the ways spontaneous talk differs from planned talk is the presence

of

discourse markers

such as

well, I mean, like,

and

oh.

Discourse markers are rarely

found

in

prepared

or

rehearsed

speeches,

but

rarely

absent

in

conversations.

Many

novelists make use of this distinction; their descriptions of the setting or plot have no

you know

s and

so anyway

s, but the

characters’ dialogues do. The presence of these

words creates a naturalistic conversational effect. However, they may do even more,

including

highlighting

important

elements

in

a

narrative,

helping

listeners

follow

a

speaker’s

train

of

thought,

helping

listeners

recover

from

a

repair,

and

explicitly

showing

the

relationship

between

two

utterances,

such

as

whether

the

upcoming

utterance is in contrast to the prior utterance, is an elaboration of the prior utterance,

or

is

unrelated

to

the

prior

utterance

(Erman,

1986,

1987;

Flowerdew

&

Tauroza,

1995; Jucker, 1993; Levelt, 1989; Redeker, 1990; Schiffrin, 1987; Schourup, 1985).

研

究

问

题

和

可

能

突

破

口< /p>

：

Discourse

markers

may

be

infrequent

in

prepared

manuscripts

and

speeches

because

these

forms

of

communication

allow

advance

planning

and

extensive

revision

time.

In

contrast,

they

may

be

frequent

in

spontaneous talk because that is

where people need help

organizing and expressing

ideas.

研究目的和论文框架：

In this paper, we take a closer look at the discourse marker

oh.

First we will review what analyses of spontaneous talk suggest about how

oh

is used,

and then we will present results of five experiments where we tested how

oh

affects

listeners’ comprehension.

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引言二

研

究

背

景

：

Spo ntaneous

speech

is

filled

with

disfl uencies

—

unwanted

pauses,

elongated segments, fillers (such as

uh

and

um

), editing expressions (such as

I mean

and

you

know

),

word

fragments,

self-corrections,

and

repeated

words.

Most

disfluencies seem to

reflect planning problems.

When speakers cannot formulate an

entire utterance at once, they may suspend their speech and introduce a pause or filler

before going on. And when speakers change their minds about what they are saying,

they

may

suspend

their

speech

and

then

add

to,

delete,

or

replace

words

they

have

already

produced.

Disfluencies

have

long

been

used

as

evidence

of

planning

(e.g.,

Clark,

1996;

Goldman-Eisler,

1968;

Levelt,

1983,

1989;

Maclay

&

Osgood,

1959;

Schegloff, Jefferson, & Sacks, 1977).

研究目的和举例：

In this paper we investigate the origins of repeated words. Consider an utterance

in which Reynard is speaking to Sam:

(1) yes, I uh I wouldn’t be surprised at that, –

–

I really wouldn’t, (1.1.278).1

After Reynard produces ‘‘I uh,’’ he could have continued ‘‘wouldn’t be surprised

at

that,’’ but he repeats

I

first. The puzzle is why. Repeating

I

takes extra time and effort.

It

is

redundant.

And

by

most

accounts

it

ought

to

make

the

utterance

harder

to

understand, since there is no English clause of the form

I I wouldn’t be surprised at

that.

Speakers seem to have good reasons for

not

repeating words, yet they often do.

Repeated

words

are

one

of

the

most

common

disfluencies

in

spontaneous

speech

(Deese, 1984; Maclay & Osgood, 1959).

研究状况及存在的问题：

Disfluencies have been viewed from two perspectives. In one tradition, they are

treated

mainly

as

the

outcome

of

processes

that,

once

initiated,

run

off

without

intervention. We will call these

pure

processes. In (1), for example, Reynard might

have

repeated

I

because

it

was

the

most

highly

activated

word

when

he

resumed

speaking

after

uh,

and

he

couldn’t

help

but

produce

it.

Accounts

in

the

process

tradition

tend to

eschew appeals

to

intentions, purposes, or monitoring.

In

a second

tradition, disfluencies are viewed mainly as the result of certain

strateg ies

—

processes

with options under a

person’s control. In (1), Reynard might have repeated

I

because,

in

the

words

of

Maclay

and

Osgood

(1959),

he

wanted

to

‘‘produce

some

kind

of

signal ([m, er], or perhaps a repetition of the immediately preceding unit) which says,

in effect, ‘I’m

still in control

—don’t interrupt me!’’’ (p. 59). Accounts

in the strategy

tradition generally do appeal to intentions, purposes, and monitoring.

These two traditions, however, offer complementary, not conflicting perspectives

on

disfluencies.

Most

pure

processes

are

deployed

in

the

service

of

strate gies

—

ultimately, what speakers are trying to do by speaking. At the same time,

no strategy can work without deploying pure processes. The contrast partly reflects

the

evidence

appealed

to.

Pure

processes

have

generally

been

studied

in

controlled

laboratory speech, where speakers have few if any options. Strategies have generally

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been

suggested

for

spontaneous

speech,

where

speakers

have

a

plethora

of

options

and the opportunities for taking them. We will focus on strategies while taking note of

the relevant pure processes.

研究目的、研究框架、取材

In this paper we propose a

commit-and- restore model

of repeated words. We first

lay out the model, an extension of the model of repairs from Levelt (1983, 1989), and

describe

three

hypotheses

that

follow

from

it.

We

then

test

the

hypotheses

as

they

apply to English articles and personal pronouns. The evidence we use comes from two

large corpora of spontaneous speech, one American and one British.

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第五章

如何综述文献？

课前准备

【提示】

< br>：

目前国内出版的刊物中有相当一部分不要求做文献综述，

这是不规范

的。

审稿专家读的再多，

也不能穷尽每一个领域的任何方面，

不可能在没有文献

综述的情 况下就判定研究是否有价值。

文献综述中的常见问题

【提示】

不少人认为文献综述的价值一定比研究论文低。

这是一种偏见。

文献综

述如果做得好，那么它的价值不亚于研究论文。

课后练习

【解答】

该综述具有以下特点：

结构紧凑合理，先依据文献提出争论的问题，然后用

Here

we

divide

repeats

into four stages

这个句子引出下述的

fou

r stages;

其中还用了一些例子说明。

此后，以下一段引向了

four s tages

中提到的

processes

，提出正是这些

processes

的组合导致了