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The
Roman Army's Impact on Britain
TPO19-1
：
The Roman
Army's Impact on Britain
In the wake of the Roman Empire's
conquest of Britain in the first century A.D.,
a
large
number
of
troops
stayed
in
the
new
province,
and
these
troops
had
a
considerable
impact
on
Britain
with
their
camps,
fortifications,
and
participation
in
the local economy. Assessing the impact
of the army on the civilian population starts
from
the
realization
that
the
soldiers
were
always
unevenly
distributed
across
the
country.
Areas
rapidly
incorporated
into
the
empire
were
not
long
affected
by
the
military.
Where the army remained stationed, its presence
was much more influential.
The
imposition of a military base involved the
requisition of native lands for both the
fort and the territory needed to feed
and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition
of
military
rule
also
robbed
local
leaders
of
opportunities
to
participate
in
local
government, so social
development was stunted and the seeds of
disaffection sown.
This
then
meant
that
the
military
had
to
remain
to
suppress
rebellion
and
organize
government.
Economic exchange was clearly very
important as the Roman army brought with
it very substantial spending power.
Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large
population
needed
food
and
other
supplies.
Some
of
these
were
certainly
brought
from long distances, but demands were
inevitably placed on the local area. Although
goods could be requisitioned, they were
usually paid for, and this probably stimulated
changes in the local economy. When not
campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied;
otherwise they represented a
potentially dangerous source of friction and
disloyalty.
Hence a writing tablet
dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort
engaged on tasks
like
shoemaking,
building
a
bathhouse,
operating
kilns,
digging
clay,
and
working
lead.
Such
activities
had
a
major
effect
on
the
local
area,
in
particular
with
the
construction of
infrastructure such as roads, which improved
access to remote areas.
Each soldier received his pay, but in
regions without a developed economy there
was
initially
little
on
which
it
could
be
spent.
The
pool
of
excess
cash
rapidly
stimulated a
thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the
demand for the services
and
goods
was
no
doubt
fulfilled
by
people
drawn
from
far
afield,
but
some
local
people certainly became entwined in
this new economy. There was informal marriage
with
soldiers,
who
until
AD
197
were
not
legally
entitled
to
wed,
and
whole
new
communities
grew
up
near
the
forts.
These
settlements
acted
like
small
towns,
becoming centers for the artisan and
trading populations.
The army also provided a mean of
personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers
recruited from the native peoples, as a
man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on
retirement after service in an
auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad
hoc (as
needed)
basis
from
the
area
in
which
they
were
stationed,
and
there
was
evidently
large-scale
recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were
at least 12,500 men up
to
the
reign
of
the
emperor
Hadrian
(A.D.
117-138),
with
a
peak
around
A.D.
80.
Although a small
proportion of the total population, this perhaps
had a massive local
impact when a large
proportion of the young men were removed from an
area. Newly
raised regiments were
normally transferred to
another
province from whence it was
unlikely
that individual recruits would ever return. Most
units raised in Britain went
elsewhere
on
the
European
continent,
although
one
is
recorded
in
Morocco.
The
reverse
process
brought
young
men
to
Britain,
where
many
continued
to
live
after
their
20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the
cosmopolitan Roman character of
the
frontier
population.
By
the
later
Roman
period,
frontier
garrisons
(groups
of
soldiers) were only rarely transferred,
service in units became effectively hereditary,
and forts were no longer populated or
maintained at full strength.
This
process
of settling in
as
a community
over several
generations,
combined
with
local
recruitment,
presumably
accounts for the apparent
stability of the British
northern
frontier
in
the
later
Roman
period.
It
also
explains
why
some
of
the
forts
continued
in
occupation
long
after
Rome
ceased
to
have
any
formal
authority
in
Britain, at the beginning of the fifth
century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed
natives to become Romanized also led
the self-sustaining military community of the
frontier area to become effectively
British.
TPO19-1
译文：罗马军队对不列颠的
影响