材料概论(双语)考试复习要点

9,Atoms of calcium, aluminum,

copper, lead, nickel, gold,

platinum, and some other metals

arrange

themselves

with

an

atom

in

each corner of the cube and one in

the

center

of

each

cube

face.

When

steel is above the upper critical

temperature, it rearranges its

atoms

to

this

FCC

structure

and

is

called gamma iron.

钙、铝、铜、铅、

镍、金、铂和其他一些金属材料，通

过在立方体得中心安排一个原子，而

在立方体每个侧面的中心各安排一个

原子的方法而排列。当钢高于其上临

界温度时，他就将其原子排列成这种

面心立方结构，其也被称为

Y

铁

11,The coordination number

determines the quantity of the

nearest equidistant elementary

< br>particles.

配位数决定着（与一个基

本微粒） 最近邻的、等距离的基本微

粒的数目。

12,A grain structure is found in

most metals, some ceramics, and

occasionally in polymers. Between

the

grains,

the

atomic

arrangement

changes its orientation and thus

influences properties. The size

and shape of the grains play a key

role.

在大多数金属材料和一些陶瓷

材料， 以及偶尔在高分子材料中，总

能发现晶粒这一结构。从一个晶粒到

另一个晶粒，原子的排列改变了位向，

由此影响了材料的性能。晶粒的尺寸

13,Steels are available in

thousands of types, ranging from

hard to soft, can be magnetic or

nonmagnetic, are heat-treatable

and weldable, and have various

resistances to heat, corrosion,

impact, and abrasion.

可供使用的钢< /p>

材有数千种：可从坚硬的到柔软的，

可以是有磁性的或无磁性的， 可以热

处理和焊接成型，还具有耐受热、腐

蚀、冲击和磨损等各 种性能。

14

：

The most important alloying

element in steel is carbon, Its

presence

is

very

important,

and

its

effect

is

very

potent,

considering

that

most

steels

contain

less

than

1% carbon.

钢中最重要的合金元素是碳，它的存< /p>

在相当重要，它的作用也是非常显著

的，如果我们考虑到碳在大多 数钢中

的含量还不到

1%

。

15:Nickel and lead are versatile

metals used in many applications,

whereas copper is used primarily

for its thermal and electrical

conductivity.

镍和钢是用途广泛的通用金属材 料，

但铜的应用主要还是围绕着它热和电

的传导性。

16:Lead is a heavy metal that is

silvery when newly cut and gray

when oxidized. It has a high

density,

low

tensile

strength,

low

ductility (cannot be easily drawn

into wire),and high malleability

(can be easily compressed into a

thin sheet).

铅是一种重金属， 在其刚切开的新鲜

表面上有银色的光泽，但很快就会因

氧化而变 成灰色。它具有高密度，低

抗拉强度和较低的塑性（不容易被拉

拔成线材）和较高的延展性（容易被

压扎成薄片）

17:This cubic unit structure is

made up of atoms at each corner of

the cube and in the very center.

Steel under 723

摄氏度

has this

arrangement,

and

it

is

called

alpha

iron

or

ferrite.

Other

metals

such

as

chromium,

vanadium,

molybdenum,

and

tungsten

crystallize

into

this

lattice structure.

这种单位立方结构是由处于立方体每

个 角上的原子与其正中心部位的一个

原子组成的。钢在

723

摄氏度以下时

就具有这样的排列，它被称为

a

铁或

铁素体。像铬、钒、钼

和钨等金属就

会凝固成这种晶格结构

18:Ferrous metals have a tendency

to rust, because the iron in them

reacts with oxygen in the

environment

to

form

iron

oxide,

or

rust.

黑色金属有生锈的 倾向，是因为其中

的铁会和环境中的氧反应生成氧化

铁，或者叫 生铁

19:If there is a

< br>“

typical

”

engineering material that is

associated in the public

’

s mind

with modern engineering practice,

it is structural steel.

在一般公 众的心目中，与现代工程密

切相关，且具有代表性的工程材料无

疑是结构钢

20:The procedure of selecting a

material, processing the material

into

a

useful

shape,

and

obtaining

the needed properties is a

complicated process involving

knowledge of the structure

–

property-processing relationship

of materials.

选 择材料加工成有用的形状，并获得

所需性能的过程是一个复杂的程序，

< br>涉及到材料结构、性能和工艺之间相

互关系方面的知识

21:A small increase in the carbon

content(0.1%) has a significant

impact

on

the

properties

of

steel.

碳含量一个小小的提高（

0.1%

），就

会对钢的性能产生一个显著的影响

22:Most clay contains

approximately 8% pure aluminum

oxide(Al2O3).For nonferrous metal

ores, this percentage is

considered to be very high.

大多数粘土包含了大约

8%

的纯氧化

铝 。对于有色金属矿物而言，这一百

分率可以说已是很高了

23:Aluminum

is

not

only

one

of

the

most abundant elements in the

earth

’

s crust(after oxygen and

silicon),but it is also the most

abundant

metal

in

the

earth

’

s

crust.

铝不仅使地壳中最丰富的元素之一

（在氧、硅之后），也是地壳中含量

最多的金属

24:The

properties

of

materials

are

defined by the nature of their

chemical bonds, their atomic

ordering

and

their

microstructure.