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实用英语写作技巧
第二十二单元篇章的统一性、支撑性、连贯性和一致性
22
.<
/p>
1
篇章的统一性(
Unity of
an Essay
)
篇章的统一性是
指各推展段落都必须紧扣主题思想,不包含与主题思想无关的任何部
分。如果包含与主题
思想无关的部分或出现多层意思,就会导致主旨不清,思路混乱。
22
.
2
篇章的支撑性(
Support of an Essay
)
只有通过具体的实例、
事实、
细节或事
件对篇章中的主题思想加以充实和发挥,
才能使
文章的主题更加
明确具体。例如:在
Unit
21-2
范文中的四个
Supporting
Paragraphs
(
SP1
,
S
P2
,
SP3
,
SP4
)都是通过具体的实例、细节,来进一步明确本篇文章的主题思想—
To
be
successful in a
job interview
,
you must
demonstrate cetain personal and professional
qualities
.
22
.
3
篇章的连贯性(
C
oherence of an Essay
)
篇章的连贯性是指句子与句子,段落与段落的排列组合必须合乎逻辑(意连)
;句子间
以及段落间的过渡必须自然流畅
(形连)
。
篇章的意连有三种:
a
.
Time Order or Chronological
Order
(时间顺序)
;
b
.
Space or Spatial Order
(位置或空间顺序)
;
c
.
Logical Order
(逻辑顺
序)<
/p>
。其中,逻辑顺序又可分为三种:
1
)
Order of
Importance
(重要性顺序)
2
)
Specific-to-
General
(从具体到总论)
3
)
General-to-
Spacific
(从总论到具体)
例如,在
Unit
21
中的
Model
Essay
中,作者就是以
General-to-Speci
fic
的逻辑顺序来推
展文章主题的。
作者先是给出一个
Topic Sentence
,
然后通过四个具体的“
You should
……
”
对主题加以支撑、充实,从而达到了意连。
而转换此词语(
Transitions
)则是篇章形
连的重要手段。
Unit
21
中的
Model Essay
也正
是通过许许多多的转换词语使文章达到了自然流畅。
以下
让我们
就此范文的首段
(
TP
)
和第一支撑段
(
SP1
)<
/p>
为例,
来看看转换词语承上启下之作用。
22<
/p>
.
4
篇章的一致性(
Sentence Skills in an Essay
)
若要读者完全、
正确地领会我们所要表达的思想内容,
在写作篇章时,
我们必须简洁明
白,写出合乎语法规范的句子,正确的语法包括(
nouns
;
pronouns
;
verb tenses
;
fr
agments
(不完整的句子)
;
d
angling modifiers
(垂悬修饰语)
;
run-ons
(用错逗号的句子或乱加从句
的冗长句子)
,
etc
.
Exercise 22-1
Directions
:
Two
versions of a passage are given
below
.
Both are unified
,
supported
,
a
nd
organized
,
but
one
version
communicates
more
clearly
and
effectively
its
ideas
than
the
other
.
Which
one
,
and
why
?
There are
times when people are so tired that they fall
asleep almost anywhere
.
For
example
,
there is a lot of
sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from
work in the evenings
.
A man
will be reading the
newspaper
,
and seconds later
it appears as if he is trying to eat
it
.
Or he will
fall asleep on the shoulder of the
stranger sitting next to
him
.
Another
place where unplanned naps go on is in the lecture
hall
.
In some
classes
,
a student
will
start
snoring
so
loudly
that
the
professor
has
to
ask
another
student
to
shake
the
sleeper
awake
.
Amore
embarrassing situation occurs when a student leans
on one elbow and starts drifting
off to
sleep
.
The weight of the head
pushes the elbow off the
desk
,
and this momentum
carries the
rest of the body
along
.
The student wakes up
on the floor with no memory of how he got
there
.
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