-
Passage1
Reading
leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that
everyone has the
potential to be an
effective leader.
读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为
一个有效的领导者。
I don’t
believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer
truly effective leaders
than I see
people stuck in positions of leadership who arc
sadly incompetent and
seriously
misguided about their own abilities.
我不
相信这是真的。事实上，我认为
真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位
上，
遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称
职，严重误导了他们。
Part of the reason this
happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by
those
who aspire
to
（追求）
leadership in the
first place.
对产生这种现象的原因一部分是
由
那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导
We've all met the
type
of individual who
simply
must take charge. Whether it's
a decision-making session, a basketball
game, or a family outing, they can't help
grabbing the lead dog position and
clinging on to it for dear life. They believe
they're natural born leaders.
我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必
须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，
他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位
，
并紧紧抓住它，
因为亲爱的生命。
他
们相信他们是天生
的领袖。
Truth
is,
they're
nothing
of
the
sort.
True
leaders
don't
assume
that
it's
their
divine
（神圣的）
right
to take charge every time two or more people get
together.
Quite the opposite. A great
leader will assess each situation on its merits,
and
will only take charge when their
position, the situation, and/or the needs of the
moment demand it.
事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的
神圣（神圣的）负责每次两
个或两个以上的人在一起吧。
恰恰相
反。
一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，
并在
他们的位置、情况和
/
或需要的情况下，只会负
责。
Many
business
executives
confuse
leadership
with
action.
They
believe
that
constant
motion somehow
generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with
any situation that
can’t be solved by
the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust
cloud of
impatience. Their one
leadership tool is volume: if they think you
aren't working
as hard as they think
you should, their demands become increasingly
louder and
harsher.
< br>许多企业高管把领导与行动混为一谈。
他们认为，
不断运
动以某种程度上产生领导的副产品。
面对任何无法解决的纯粹的力量的情况，
他们产生了一个不耐烦的尘埃云。
他们的一个领导
的工具是量：如果他们认为你不做他们认为你应该努力，他们的要求越来越高和严厉的。
True
leaders
un
derstand
the
value
of
action,
of
course,
but
it
isn’t
their
only
tool.
In
fact,
it
isn’t
ever
their
primary
tool.
Great
leaders
see
more
than
everyone
else: answers,
solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They
know it’s
vitally
important
to
do,
but
they
also
know
that
thinking,
understanding,
reflection
and interpretation are equally
important.
真正的领
导者明白行动的价值，当然，但这不是他们唯一的工具。事实上，它不是他们的
主要工具
。伟大领袖们看到的比其他人更多：答案、解决方案、模式、问题、机会。他们知
道这是
非常重要的，但他们也知道，思想，理解，反思和解释同样重要
If you're too concerned with outcomes
to the extent that you manipulate and
intimidate
others
to
achieve
those
outcomes,
then
you
aren't
leading
at
all,
you're
dictating. A true
leader is someone who develops his or her team so
that they can
and do hit their targets
and achieve their goals.
如果
你太关注结果的程度，
你的操纵和恐吓他人来达到这些目标，
那
么你不是领导时，
你决
定。
一个真正的
领导者是一个发展他或她的团队的人，
这样他们就可以打他们的目标，
< br>达到
他们的目标。
Passage2
Have you ever felt your mind falling
into disorder after a sleepless
night
You couldn’t come up with an original thought no
matter how hard
you tried.
<
/p>
你有过一个无眠的夜晚，
你是否感到你的精神陷入混乱不管你怎么
努力，
你都不
能想出一个原创的想法。
You
were
probably right if
you thought
that was caused
by a lack
of sleep. Dr. Horne, a sleep researcher
in England, studied 24 college
students.
One
group
got
their
normal
eight
hours
of
sleep.
The
other
group
didn’t
get
the
smallest
amount
of
sleep
——
they
stayed
awake
all
night.
The
next
day,
Dr.
Horne
tested
the
students.
He
asked
them
questions
that
required creative and original
thinking. One of the questions was “How
many uses can a cardboard box be put
to”
你可能是对的，
如果你认为这是由于缺乏睡眠造成的。
Horne
博士，
在英国睡眠研究者
研究了
24<
/p>
名大学生。一组八小时的睡眠正常。另一组人没有得到最小的睡眠，他们整
夜都睡不着觉。
次日，
测试的学生。
< br>他要求他们提出的问题，
需要创造性和创造性思维。
其中
的一个问题是“有多少用纸板箱可以装
The
result
The
wide-awake
students
did
well
on
the
test
.The
tired
students
did poorly.
结果考试大的学生考得很好，累的学生成绩不好。
Research has already shown that tired
people can do OK on tests of
habitual
thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Horne
tested creative
thinking
only.
研究已经表明，疲劳的人可以做测试的习惯性思维
，如简单的加法。但是，测试
创造性思维只有。
As part of his study, he offered an
amount of money as a reward to the
sleepy students if they did well. But
even this encouragement w
asn’t
enough
to
help
the
students
conquer
their
tiredness.
They
did
poorly.
Dr.
Horne believes that the
part
of the
brain where thinking takes place
may
get worn out during waking hours.
Sleep may help to repair the brain.
“Without
any
sleep,”
he
emphasized,
“even
if
you
pay
closer
attention,
you
cannot
do
better.” 作为他的研究的一部分，他提供了一个数额的钱，作
为奖励给困倦的学生，
如果他们做得很好。
但即使是这
种鼓励也不足以帮助学生
克服疲劳。
他们做得很差。
霍恩博士认为发生在思维的那部分大脑会磨损在醒着
的时候。睡眠可能有助
于修复大脑。“没有任何睡眠，”他强调，“即使你付出
更密切的关注，你也不能做得更
好。”
This study gives
people something to think about, especially
people like hospital workers who must
stay awake all night and then make
quick decisions.
这项研究给人们一些思考，特别是像医院工作者的工作人员必须保持清醒，并
作出快速决定。
Passage3
Researchers have established that when people are
mentally
engaged,
biochemical
changes
occur
in
the
brain
that
allow
it
to
act
more
effectively
in
cognitive
（认知的）
areas
such
as
attention
and
memory.
This
is
true regardless of age.
研究人员发现，当人们心理活动时
，大脑中发生
的生化变化，使它在认知活动更为有效（认知的）等方面的注意和记忆。这
是真
实的，不论年龄。
People will be alert (
警觉的
)
and receptive (
接受能力强的
) if
they
are
faced
with
information
that
gets
them
to
think
about
things
they
are
interested in. And someone with a history of doing
more rather than
less
will
go
into
old
age
more
cognitively
sound
than
someone
who
has
not
had
an
active
mind. <
/p>
人们将警报（警觉的）和接受（接受能力强的）如果他们
面对的信
息使他们思考自己感兴趣的事物。
有人用历史做更多而不是更少的进入
< br>老年的人比没有活跃的思维认知的声音。
Many
experts
are
so
convinced
of
the
benefits
of
challenging
the
brain that they are putting the theory
to work in their own lives. “The
idea
is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous
amounts of
information,” says James
Fozard, associate director of the National
Institute on Aging. “Most of us don't
need that kind of skill. Such
specific
training
is of
less
interest
than
being
able
to
maintain
mental
alertness.” Fozard
and
others say they challenge their
brains with
different mental skills,
both because they enjoy them and because they
are sure that their range of activities
will help the way their brains
work.
许多专家都这么认为，
他们在给自己的生活中工作，
挑战他们的大脑的好
处。“是不是一定要学会记忆大量的信息，说：”杰姆斯<
/p>
Fozard
国立老化研究
所的副所长。
我们中的大多数人都不需要这种技能。
这种特别的培训比能够保
持
精力充沛，不感兴趣。”Fozard
和其他人说他们挑战他
们的大脑不同的心智技
能，
这是因为他们喜欢他们，
因为他们相信他们的活动范围将有助于他们的大脑
的工作方式。
Gene
Cohen,
acting
director
of
the
same
institute,
suggests
that
people in their old age
should engage in mental and physical activities
individually as well as in groups.
Cohen says that we are frequently
advised
to
keep
physically
active
as
we
age,
but
older
people
need
to
keep
mentally active as well. Those who do
are more likely to maintain their
intellectual abilities and to be
generally happier and better adjusted.
point
is,
you
need
to
do
both,
Cohen
says,
“intellectual
activity
actually influences
brain-
cell health and size.”
基因科恩，
同一研究所的代理主任，
建
议在他们的老年人应该从事的精神和身体
活动，以及个人的团体。科恩说，我们经常被建
议保持身体活跃，因为我们的年
龄，
但老年人需要保持精神上积
极的。
那些做的是更可能保持自己的智力能力和
更幸福和更好的
调整。”“这一点是，你需要做的，”科恩说，“智力活动实际
上影响了脑细胞的健康和
大小。”
Passage
4
English is one of the
great thieves. It is constantly borrowing.
It started out taking words from Latin,
Greek, French, and German.
英
语是一个伟大的小偷。这是不断借。它开始从拉丁语，希腊语，法语和德语中取
词。
Then English
went on to borrow words from more than 50
different
languages.
From
Italian,
it
took
cameo,
stanza,
and
violin,
for
example.
From
Spanish
and
Portuguese,
it
borrowed
the
words
alligator,
canyon,
and
sombrero. From Native Americans, it got
raccoon and wigwam. Peru
contributed
llama and quinine. The Caribbean islands gave
English
barbecue
and
cannibal.
From
Africa
came
chimpanzee
and
zebra,
from
India
came bandanna, curry, and punch, and
from Australia came kangaroo and
boomerang.
然后，
英语就从
50
多个不同的语言借用了词汇。来
自意大利，花浮
雕，节，和小提琴，例如。从西班牙和葡萄牙，它借用了鳄鱼，峡谷的话
，和草
帽。从土著美国人，它得到了浣熊和棚屋。秘鲁贡献了骆驼和奎宁。加勒比群岛<
/p>
给英语烧烤和食人族。从非洲来的黑猩猩和斑马线，从印度来的大手帕，咖喱，
和冲床，和从澳大利亚来的袋鼠和飞镖。
Science
caused
an
explosion
in
words.
Some
words
in
science
combine
parts
of
Greek
and
Latin
words.
They
include
penicillin,
stethoscope,
and
supersonic.
Others
were
borrowed
from
languages
spoken
today.
Robot
comes
from
a Czech word.
引起爆炸的话。科学的一些词结
合起来的希腊和拉丁词的
部分。他们包括青霉素、听诊器、超声。其他人被借用的语言今
天发言。机器人
来自捷克词语。
The English language has been stealing words for
more than 1,500
years. The most
complete dictionary of the English language
contains a
whopping 600,000 words.
英语的语言已经超过
1500
年了。最全的英语
词典包
含了
600000
个字。
Passage 5
There
is
no
doubt
that
a
common
language
used
throughout the
world
would do much to bring countries closer
to each other. Though it is
becoming
increasingly
easy
to
move
from
place
to
place,
our
inability
to
communicate
with
one
another
gives
rise
to
numerous
misunderstandings
and
makes
real
contact
between
people
of
differing
nationalities
impossible.
Many attempts
have been made to overcome this problem and they
have all
failed. The fear of foreign
influence and domination rules out the
universal acceptance of any one of the
existing major languages. Aware
of
this
difficulty,
many
linguists
have
constructed
artificial
languages
which could have no possible political
overtones. They have argued that
a
language of this sort would perform much the same
service as Latin did
in the Middle
Ages.
毫无疑问，世界上使用的一种通用语言，可以使各
国彼此
接近。
虽然它变得越来越容易从地方移动到地方，
我们无法与人沟通，
产生了许
多误解，
使不同民族的人之间的真正接触不可能。
许多尝试已经克服了这个问题
，
他们都失败了。
外国势力和统治的恐惧，
排除了普遍接受的任何一个现有的主要
语言。意识到这一困难，许多语言学家人工语
言，不可能有可能的政治色彩。他
们认为，这种语言的一种语言，将履行与拉丁在中世纪
的相同的服务。
Although
linguists succeeded in making their artificial
languages
extremely
simple
so
that
they
would
be
easy
to
learn,
their
efforts
seemed
doomed from the start. The reason for
this is that there is no real
incentive
to
learn
an
artificial
language.
There
is
nothing
to
guarantee
that
everybody is willing
to make the
effort; there is
no
assurance that
the
learner
will
have
any
adequate
return
for
his
toil.
When
people
today
undertake to learn a foreign language,
they are not interested only in
speaking
it.
Mastery
of
a
language
makes
available
to
the
learner
a
great
deal
of
worthwhile
literature
and
many
current
publications.
This
is
the
biggest
stumbling-block
of
all
for
the
artificially-constructed
tongue.
Having no literature
of its own, all it can offer is a limited of
translations, which are valueless in
themselves. Nor can it acquire any
literature; for it would have to be
used for a great many generations
before this could become possible.
Moreover, constant use over a long
period would bring into being many
'national' dialects and the language
would thus defeat its own
purpose.
虽然语言学家们成功地使他们的人工语
言非常简单，
所以他们很容易学，
他们的努
力似乎从一开始就注定了。
之所以这
样，
是没有真正的动机去学习一种人工语言。
没有任何东西能保证每个人都愿意
付出努力，
学习者将有足够的回报为自己的辛勤工作是没有保证的。
当人们今天
进行外语学习时，
他们不感兴趣。
掌握一种语言，
使学习者获得大量的有价值的
< br>文献和许多当前的出版物。
这是所有人为构造的舌头的最大障碍。
没有自己的文
学作品，
它可以是一个有限的翻译，
这是没有价值的自己。
它也不可能获得任何
文学作品，
因为在这一可能成为可能的前几代人将要使用它。
此
外，
长期的使用
会带来许多“国家”的方言和语言，从而击败它
自己的目的。
Another
serious
objection
is
the
fact
that
a
language
is
shaped
by
use and not by design. It is a living
thing which is forever growing and
changing. It takes hundreds of years
before it can acquire richness and
depth. In an artificial language,
however, the meanings of words are
rigidly
defined.
Inflexibility
makes
for
an
absence
of
subtlety,
so
that
no really fine meaning
can be conveyed. Though this quality might be
admirable for scientific publications,
it greatly impedes the formation
of any
significant literature. Latin was ideal in this
respect, for it
was
a
'dead'
language
with
a
literature;
an
artificial
one
is
'dead'
from
the
start. This makes it likely that existing language
barriers will
remain with us for a very
long time.
另一个严重的反对意见是一种语言是<
/p>
由使用而不是设计。
它是一种生活的东西，
它永远在成长和改变。
它需要数百年
才能获得丰富和深度。然
而，在人工语言中，词的含义是严格定义的。缺乏灵活
性，
使微
妙的缺失，
所以没有很好的传达意思。
虽然这种质量可能是令人
钦佩的
科学出版物，它大大阻碍了任何重要的文献的形成。拉丁语在这方面是理想的，<
/p>
因为这是一种“死”的语言，一种文学作品，一种是从一开始就“死”的。这使
得它可能存在的语言障碍将留在我们很长一段时间。
Passage 6
If you want to stay young, sit
down and have a good think. This is
the
research finding of a team of Japanese doctors,
who say that most of
our
brains
are
not
getting
enough
exercise---and
as
a
result,
we
are
aging
unnecessarily
soon.
如果你想保持年轻，坐下
来好好想想。这是一组日本医生
的研究结果，
他说，
大部分大脑都没有得到足够的锻炼，
因此我们很快就不必要
了。
Professor
Taiju
Matsuzawa
wanted
to
find
out
why
otherwise
healthy
farmers in northern
Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think
and reason at a relatively early age,
and how the process of aging could
be
slowed
down.
教授想找出为什么日本北部的健康农民失去了他们认为在相对
年轻的年龄
和能力的原因，如何减缓衰老过程的方法。
With
a
team
of
colleagues
at
Tokyo
National
University,
he
set
about
measuring
brain
volumes
of
a
thousand
people
of
different
ages
and
varying