-
Passage1
Reading leadership
literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone
has the potential to be an
effective
leader.
读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。<
/p>
I don’t believe that to be
true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective
leaders than I see people
stuck in
positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent
and seriously misguided about their
own
abilities.
我不相信这是真的。
事实上，
我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都
陷在领导的职位上，遗憾
的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。
Part
of the reason this happens is a lack of honest
self-assessment by those who aspire
to
（追
求）
leadership
in the first place.
对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望
缺乏诚实的自我
评估（追求）放在首位的领导
We've all met the type of individual
who simply must take charge. Whether it's a
decision-making session, a basketball
game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing
the lead
dog position and clinging on
to it for dear life. They believe they're natural
born leaders.
我们都遇到了个人的类型，他
们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他
们都不能不抓住领导的狗的
地位，
并紧紧抓住它，
因为亲爱的生命。
他们相信他们是天生的
领袖。
Truth is, they're nothing of the sort.
True leaders don't assume that it's their
divine
（神圣的）
right to take
charge every time two or more people get together.
Quite the opposite. A great leader
will
assess each situation on its merits, and will only
take charge when their position, the situation,
and/or the needs of the moment demand
it.
事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这
是他们的神圣
（神圣的）负责每次两个
或两个以上的人在一起吧
。
恰恰相反。
一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，
并在他
们的位置、情况和
/
或需要的情况下，只会负责。
Many
business executives confuse leadership with
action. They believe that constant motion
somehow generates leadership as a
byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be
solved by the
sheer force of activity,
they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their
one leadership tool is
volume: if they
think you aren't working as hard as they think you
should, their demands become
increasingly louder and harsher.
许多企业高管把领导与行动混为一谈。
他们认为，
不
断运动以某种程度上产生领导的副产品。
面对任何无法解决的纯粹的力量的情况，
他们产生了一个不耐烦的尘埃云。
他们的一个领导
的工具是量：如果他们认为你不做他们认为你应该努力，他们的要求越来越高和严厉的。
True leaders understand the value of
action, of course, but it isn’t their only tool.
In fact, it
isn’t ever their primary
tool. Great leaders see more than everyone
el
se: answers, solutions,
patterns, problems, opportunities. They
know it’s vitally important to do, but they also
know that
thinking, understanding,
reflection and interpretation are equally
important.
真正的领导者明白行动的价值，
当然，但这不是他们唯一的工具。
事实上，
它不是他们的主
要工具。伟大领袖们看到的比其他人更多：答案、解决方案、模式、问题
、机会。他们知道
这是非常重要的，但他们也知道，思想，理解，反思和解释同样重要<
/p>
If you're too concerned with
outcomes to the extent that you manipulate and
intimidate others
to achieve those
outcomes, then you aren't leading at all, you're
dictating. A true leader is someone
who
develops his or her team so that they can and do
hit their targets and achieve their goals.
如果你太关注结果的程度，
你的操纵
和恐吓他人来达到这些目标，
那么你不是领导时，
你决
定。
一个真正的领导者是一个发展他或她的团队的人，
< br>这样他们就可以打他们的目标，
达到
他们的目标。
Passage2
Have you ever felt
your mind falling into disorder after a sleepless
night? You
couldn’t come up with an
original thought no matter how hard you
tried.
你有过一个无眠的夜晚，
你是否感到你的精神陷
入混乱？不管你怎么努力，
你都
不能想出一个原创的想法。
You were probably
right if you thought that was caused by a lack of
sleep. Dr. Horne,
a sleep researcher in
England, studied 24 college students. One group
got their normal
eight hours of sleep.
The other group didn’t get the smallest amount of
sleep ——
they
stayed awake
all night. The next day, Dr. Horne tested the
students. He asked them
questions that
required creative and original thinking. One of
the question
s was “How
many
uses can a cardboard box be put to?”
你可能是对的，如果你认为这是由于缺乏睡眠造成的。
Horne<
/p>
博士，在英国睡眠研究者
研究了
24
名大学生。一组八小时的睡眠正常。另一组人没有得到最小的睡眠，他们整
< br>夜都睡不着觉。次日，
测试的学生。他要求他们提出的问
题，需要创造性和
创造性思维。其中的一个问题是
“
有多少用纸板箱可以装？
The result? The wide-awake students did
well on the test .The tired students did
poorly.
结果？考试大的学生考得很好，累的学生成绩不好。
Research has already shown that
tired people can do OK on tests of habitual
thinking,
like simple addition. But Dr.
Horne tested creative thinking only.
研究
已经表明，疲劳的人可以做测试的习惯性思维，如简单的加法。但是，
< br>测试创造性思维只有。
As
part of his study, he offered an amount of money
as a reward to the sleepy
students if
they did well. But even this encouragement wasn’t
enough to help the
students conquer
their tiredness. They did poorly. Dr. Horne
believes that the part of
the brain
where thinking takes place may get worn out during
waking hours. Sleep
may help to repair
the brain. “Without any sleep,” he emphasized,
“even if you pay
closer attention, you
cannot do better.”
作为他的研究的一部分，他提供了一个数额
的钱，
作为奖励给困倦的学生，
如果他们做
得很好。
但即使是这种鼓励也不足以
帮助学生克服疲劳。
他们做得很差。
霍恩博士认为发生在思维的那部分大脑会磨
损在醒着的时候。睡眠可能有助于修复大脑。
“
没
有任何睡眠，
”
他强调，
“
即使你
付出更密切的关注，你也不能做得更好。
”
This study gives people
something to think about, especially people like
hospital
workers who must stay awake
all night and then make quick decisions.
这项研究给人们一些思考，
特别是像医院工作者的工作人员必须保持清醒，
并作
出快速决定。
Passage3
Researchers have
established that when people are mentally engaged,
biochemical
changes occur in the brain
that allow it to act more effectively in
cognitive
（认知的）
areas such as
attention and memory. This is true regardless of a
ge.
研究人员发现，当
人们心理活动时，大脑中发生的生化变
化，使它在认知活动更为有效（认知的）
等方面的注意和记忆。这是真实的，不论年龄。
People will be
alert (
警觉的
) and receptive
(
接受能力强的
) if they are faced
with
information that gets them to
think about things they are interested in. And
someone
with a history of doing more
rather than less will go into old age more
cognitively
sound than someone who has
not had an active mind.
人们将警报（警觉的）和接受
（接受能力强的）
如果他们面对的信息使他们思考自己感兴趣的事物。
有人用历
史做更多而不是更少的进入老年的人比没有活跃的思维
认知的声音。
Many experts are so convinced of the
benefits of challenging the brain that they are
putting the theory to work in their own
lives. “The idea is not necessarily to learn to
memorize enormous amounts of
information,” says James Fozard, associate
director
of the National
Institute on Aging. “Most of us don't
need that kind of skill. Such
specific
training is of less interest than being able to
maintain mental alertness.”
Fozard and
others say they challenge their brains with
different mental skills, both
because
they enjoy them and because they are sure that
their range of activities will
help the
way their brains work.
许多专家都这么认为，
他们在给自己的生活中工作，
挑战他们的大脑的好处。
“
是不是一定要学会记忆大量的信息，
说：
”
杰姆斯
Fozard
国立老化研
究所的副所长。
我们中的大多数人都不需要这种技能。
这种特别
的培
训比能够保持精力充沛，不感兴趣。
”Fozard
和其他人说他们挑战他们的大脑不
同的心智技能，
这是因为他们喜欢他们，
因为他们相信他们的活动范围将有助于
他们的大脑的工作方式。
Gene Cohen,
acting director of the same institute, suggests
that people in their old age
should
engage in mental and physical activities
individually as well as in groups.
Cohen says that we are frequently
advised to keep physically active as we age, but
older people need to keep mentally
active as well. Those who do are more likely to
maintain their intellectual abilities
and to be generally happier and better adjusted.
l activity actually
influences brain-
cell health
and size.”
基因科恩，
同
一研究所的代理主任，
建议在他们的老年人应该从事的精神和身体
活动，以及个人的团体。科恩说，我们经常被建议保持身体活跃，因为我们的年
龄，<
/p>
但老年人需要保持精神上积极的。
那些做的是更可能保持自己的智
力能力和
更幸福和更好的调整。
”“
这
一点是，你需要做的，
”
科恩说，
“<
/p>
智力活动实际上影
响了脑细胞的健康和大小。
”
Passage 4
English is one
of the great thieves. It is constantly borrowing.
It started out
taking words from Latin,
Greek, French, and German.
英语是一个伟大的小偷。这是
不断借。它开始从拉丁语，希腊语，法语和德语中取词。
Then English went on to borrow words
from more than 50 different languages.
From Italian, it took cameo, stanza,
and violin, for example. From Spanish and
Portuguese, it borrowed the words
alligator, canyon, and sombrero. From Native
Americans, it got raccoon and wigwam.
Peru contributed llama and quinine. The
Caribbean islands gave English barbecue
and cannibal. From Africa came
chimpanzee and zebra, from India came
bandanna, curry, and punch, and from
Australia came kangaroo and boomerang.<
/p>
然后，英语就从
50
多个不同的语言借用
了词汇。来自意大利，花浮雕，节，和小提琴，例如。从西班牙和葡萄牙，它借
用了鳄鱼，峡谷的话，和草帽。从土著美国人，它得到了浣熊和棚屋。秘鲁贡献
< br>了骆驼和奎宁。加勒比群岛给英语烧烤和食人族。从非洲来的黑猩猩和斑马线，
从
印度来的大手帕，咖喱，和冲床，和从澳大利亚来的袋鼠和飞镖。
Science caused
an explosion in words. Some words in science
combine parts of
Greek and Latin words.
They include penicillin, stethoscope, and
supersonic. Others
were borrowed from
languages spoken today. Robot comes from a Czech w
ord.
引起
爆炸的话。
科学的一些词
结合起来的希腊和拉丁词的部分。
他们包括青霉素、
听
诊器、超声。其他人被借用的语言今天发言。机器人来自捷克词语。
The English language has been stealing
words for more than 1,500 years. The most
complete dictionary of the English
language contains a whopping 600,000 words.
英
语的语言已经超过
1500
年了。最全的英语词典包含了
600000
个字。
Passage 5
There is no doubt
that a common language used throughout the world
would do much
to bring countries closer
to each other. Though it is becoming increasingly
easy to
move from place to place, our
inability to communicate with one another gives
rise to
numerous misunderstandings and
makes real contact between people of differing
nationalities impossible. Many attempts
have been made to overcome this problem
and they have all failed. The fear of
foreign influence and domination rules out the
universal acceptance of any one of the
existing major languages. Aware of this
difficulty, many linguists have
constructed artificial languages which could have
no
possible political overtones. They
have argued that a language of this sort would
perform much the same service as Latin
did in the Middle Ages.
毫无疑问，世界上使
用的一种通用语言，
可以使各国彼此接近。
虽然它变得
越来越容易从地方移动到
地方，
我们无法与人沟通，
产生了许多误解，
使不同民族的人之间的真正接触不
可能。许多尝试已经克服了这个问题，他们都失败了。外国势力和统治的恐惧，
排除了
普遍接受的任何一个现有的主要语言。
意识到这一困难，
许多语
言学家人
工语言，不可能有可能的政治色彩。他们认为，这种语言的一种语言，将履行与
拉丁在中世纪的相同的服务。
Although linguists succeeded in making
their artificial languages extremely simple so
that they would be easy to learn, their
efforts seemed doomed from the start. The
reason for this is that there is no
real incentive to learn an artificial language.
There is
nothing to guarantee that
everybody is willing to make the effort; there is
no
assurance that the learner will have
any adequate return for his toil. When people
today undertake to learn a foreign
language, they are not interested only in speaking
it.
Mastery of a language makes
available to the learner a great deal of
worthwhile
literature and many current
publications. This is the biggest stumbling-block
of all for
the artificially-constructed
tongue. Having no literature of its own, all it
can offer is a
limited of translations,
which are valueless in themselves. Nor can it
acquire any
literature; for it would
have to be used for a great many generations
before this could
become possible.
Moreover, constant use over a long period would
bring into being
many 'national'
dialects and the language would thus defeat its
own purpose.
虽然语言
学家们成功地使他们的人工
语言非常简单，
所以他们很容易学，
他们的努力似乎
从一开始就注定了。
之所以这样，
是没有真正的动
机去学习一种人工语言。
没有
任何东西能保证每个人都愿意付出
努力，
学习者将有足够的回报为自己的辛勤工
作是没有保证的。
当人们今天进行外语学习时，他们不感兴趣。掌握一种语言，
使学习者获得大量的有价值
的文献和许多当前的出版物。
这是所有人为构造的舌
头的最大障
碍。
没有自己的文学作品，
它可以是一个有限的翻译，
这是没有价值
的自己。
它也不可能获得任何文学
作品，
因为在这一可能成为可能的前几代人将
要使用它。此外，
长期的使用会带来许多“国家”的方言和语言，从而击败它自
己的目的。
Another serious objection is the
fact that a language is shaped by use and not by
design. It is a living thing which is
forever growing and changing. It takes hundreds of
years before it can acquire richness
and depth. In an artificial language, however, the
meanings of words are rigidly defined.
Inflexibility makes for an absence of subtlety,
so that no really fine meaning can be
conveyed. Though this quality might be
admirable for scientific publications,
it greatly impedes the formation of any
significant literature. Latin was ideal
in this respect, for it was a 'dead' language with
a
literature; an artificial one is
'dead' from the start. This makes it likely that
existing
language barriers will remain
with us for a very long time.
另一个严重的反对意见
是
一种语言是由使用而不是设计。
它是一种生活的东西，
它永远在成长和改变。
它
需要数百年才能获得
丰富和深度。
然而，
在人工语言中，
词
的含义是严格定义的。
缺乏灵活性，
使微妙的缺失，
所以没有很好的传达意思。
虽然这种质量可能是令
人钦佩的科学出版物，
它大大阻碍了任何重要的文献的形成。
拉
丁语在这方面是
理想的，因为这是一种“死”的语言，一种文学作品，一种是从一开始就
“死”
的。这使得它可能存在的语言障碍将留在我们很长一段时间。
Passage 6
If
you want to stay young, sit down and have a good
think. This is the research
finding of
a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of
our brains are not getting
enough
exercise---and as a result, we are aging
unnecessarily soon.
如果你想保持年
轻，
坐下来好好想想。这是一组日本医生的研究结果，他说，大部分大脑都没有
得到足够的锻
炼，因此我们很快就不必要了。