-
第二节
方法运用于命题
阅读理解的常考命题
1
．细节理解题
细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只
< br>要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项
特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解
文意、颠倒是非等。
2
．词义猜测题
高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。
词义猜测是一种阅读技巧
和能力，
考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含
义的能力，
而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜
测词义
(
重述、
定义、举例、同义词或
近义词、反义词等
)
；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑
猜测词
义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。
3
．推理判断题
推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章
寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清
正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不
可出现绝对概念。其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混
珠、扩缩范围等。
4
．主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，
以概括中心大意、<
/p>
段落大意、
选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。
其正确选项特征为：
涵盖性强，
覆盖全文或全段；
确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。其
干
扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无
中生
有，生搬硬套等。
注意
解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。
(
2017·
天津，
B
)
Fifteen years
ago
，
I took a summer vacation
in Lecce in southern
climbing
up
a
hill
for
a
panoramic(
全景的
)
view
of
the
blue
sea
，
white
buildings
and
green olive
trees
，
I paused to catch my
breath and then positioned myself to take
the best photo of this panorama.
Unfortunately
，
just as I
took out my camera
，
a woman
approached from behind
，
and
planted herself right in front of my
me
，
this woman was here to
stop
，
sigh and appreciate the
view.
Patient
as
I
was
，
after
about
15
minutes
，
my
camera
scanning
the
sun
and
reviewing
the shot I would
eventually take
，
I grew it
too much to ask her to
move
so
I
could
take
just
one
picture
of
the
landscape
？
Sure
，
I
could
have
asked
her
，
but
something
prevented
me
from
doing
seemed
so
content
in
her
observation.I
didn’t want to
mess with that.
Another 15
minutes passed and I grew woman was still there.I
decided
to
take
the
photo
now
when
I
look
at
it
，
I
think
her
presence
in
the
photo
is
what
makes
the
image
landscape
，
beautiful
on
its
own
，
somehow
comes
to life and breathes
because this woman is engaging with it.
This photo
，
with
the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that
woman who
“ruined” it，
now
hangs on a wall in my would she think if she knew
that her figure is
captured(
捕捉) and frozen on some
stranger’s bedroom wall？
A
bedroom
，
after
all
，
is
a
very
private
space
，in
which
some
woman
I
don’t
even
know
has been immortalized(
使……永存<
/p>
)
．
In some
ways
，
she lives in my house.
Perhaps
we
all
live
in
each
ot
hers’
s
this
is
what
photos
are
for：
to remind us that we all
appreciate beauty
，
that we
all share a common desire for
pleasure
，
for
connection
，
for something
that is greater than us.
That photo is
a reminder
，
a captured
moment
，
an unspoken
conversation between
two
women
，
separated only by a
thin square of glass.
语篇解读
<
/p>
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者主要讲述了自己十五年前暑假时在意大利南部城市
莱切观光时的一次经历：作者拍风景时一位陌生的女士进入了作者的镜头。这张照片让作者
联想到很多事情并引发了作者对人生的深层感悟。
41
．
What happened
when the author was about to take a photo?
A
．
Her camera
stopped working.
B
．
A woman blocked
her view.
C
．
Someone asked
her to leave.
D
．
A
friend approached from behind.
答案
B
解析
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“...a woman approached
from behind，
and planted
herself right in front of my view.”可知，就
在“我”拿出相机的时候，一位女士从后
面走过来，正好停在“我”的视线前面，即“我
”的视线被挡住
(blocked)
了，故选
< br>B
项。
42
．
According to
the author
，
the woman was
probably .
A
．
enjoying
herself
B
．
losing
her patience
C
．
waiting for the
sunset
D
．
thinking
about her past
答案
A
解析
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“She seemed so content in
her observation...with
that.”可知，选
A
项。
43
．
In the
author’s opinion，
what makes
the photo so alive?
A
．
The rich color
of the landscape.
B
．
The perfect
positioning of the camera.
C
．The woman’s existence in
the photo.
D
．
The soft
sunlight that summer day.
答案
C
解析
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...I
think
her
presence
in
the
pho
to
is
what
makes
the image interesting.”可知，作者认为，那位女士在照片中
的存在使得这张照片有趣，
即：那位女士在照片中的存在让照片变得很生动。故选
C
项。
44
．
The
photo
on
the
bedroom
wall
enables
the
author
to
better
understand .
A
．
the need to be
close to nature
B
．
the importance
of private space
C
．
the joy of the
vacation in Italy
D
．
the shared
passion for beauty
答案
D
解析
推理判断题。根据第六段中的“...to remind us that we
all appreciate beauty，
that we all share
a common desire for
pleasure
，
for
connection
，
for something
that
is
greater
than
us.”可知，通过那张照片作者明白了：我们都欣
赏美，都有着对快乐的共
同渴望、对人际关系改善的共同期待和对超越自身价值的共同追
求。由此可知，这张照片让
作者更好地理解人们对美的共同热爱。
45
．The passage can be seen
as the author’s reflections upon
.
A
．
a particular
life experience
B
．
the pleasure of
traveling
C
．
the
art of photography
D
．
a lost
friendship
答案
A
解析
推理判断题。本文讲述的是作者
的一次特殊经历及由此产生的一些人生感悟，故选
A
项。
(
201
7·
天津，
C
)
This
month
，
Germany’s
transport
minister，
Alexander
Dobrindt
，
proposed
the
first
set
of
rules
for
autonomous
vehicles(
< br>自主驾驶车辆
)
．They
would
define
the
driver’s
role in such cars
and govern how such cars perform in crashes where
lives might be
lost.
The
proposal attempts to
deal
with what
some
call
the
“death
valley” of
autonomous
vehicles
：
the
grey
area
between
semi-autonomous
and
fully
driverless
cars
that could delay the
driverless future.
Dobrindt
wants
three
things
：
that
a
car
always
chooses
property(
财产
)
damage
over
personal
injury
；
that it never
distinguishes between humans based on age or
race
；
and
that
if
a
human
removes
his
or
her
hands
from
the
driving
wheel
—
to
check
email
，
say
—the car’s maker is
responsible if there i
s a crash.
“The
change
to
the
road
traffic
law
will
permit
fully
automatic
driving，”
says
will
put
fully
driverless
cars
on
an
equal
legal
footing
to
human
drivers
，
he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of
such vehicles is not clear among car
makers
，consumers
and
lawyers.“The
liability(法律责任
)
issue
is
the
biggest
one
of
them all
，”says Natasha Merat
at the University of Leeds，
UK.
An assumption behind
UK
insurance for driverless
cars
，
introduced earlier this
year
，insists
that
a
human
“be
watchful
and
monitoring
the
road”
at
every
moment.
But that
is not what many people have in mind when thinking
of driverless
cars.“When you say
‘driverless cars’，
people expect
driverless cars
，”Merat
says.“You know—no driver.”
Because
of
the
confusion
，
Merat
thinks
some
car
makers
will
wait
until
vehicles
can be fully automated without human
operation.
Driverless
cars
may
end
up
being
a
form
of
public
transport
rather
than
vehicles
you
own
，
says
Ryan
Calo
at
Stanford
University
，
is
happening
in
the
UK
and
Singapore
，
where
government-provided
driverless
vehicles
are
being
launched.
That
would
go
down
poorly
in
the
US
，however.“The
idea
that
the
government
would
take
over
driverless
cars
and
treat
them
as
a
public
good
would
get
absolutely
nowhere
here
，”
says Calo.
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。它主要
介绍了德国交通部部长提出的适用于自主驾驶车辆的
规章，能消除人们对于无人驾驶车辆
的司机角色定位的困惑，有利于自主驾驶汽车的推广。
46
．What does the
phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer
to?
A
．
A place where
cars often break down.
B
．
A case where
passing a law is impossible.
C
．
An area where
no driving is permitted.
D
．A
situation where drivers’ role is not
clear.
答案
D
解析
词义猜测题。
根据第二段中的“...the
grey
area
between
semi
-autonomous
and
fully
driverless cars that could delay the
driverless future.”可知，
death valley
指的
就是半自主驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，即：对司机角色
的定义不清楚。故选
D
项。
47
．
The proposal
put forward by Dobrindt aims to .
A
．
stop people
from breaking traffic rules
B
．
help promote
fully automatic driving
C
．
protect drivers
of all ages and races
D
．
prevent serious
property damage
答案
B
解析
推
理判断题。
第一段说
Dobrindt
提出第一套自主驾驶车辆的规章，
将会定义自主驾驶
车辆司机的
角色，这个提议就是处理“death valley”这个问题的；第四段说交规的改变会
准许全自动驾驶，而且会将完全无人驾驶汽车和有人驾驶汽车放到一个平等的法律地位上，
< br>由此推断，
Dobrindt
提出此建议的目的就是推广
全自动驾驶。故选
B
项。
48
．
What do
consumers think of the operation of driverless
cars?
A
．
It should
get the attention of insurance companies.
B
．
It should be
the main concern of law makers.
C
．
It should not
cause deadly traffic accidents.
D
．
It should
involve no human responsibility.
答案
D
解析
细节理解题。根据第七段中的“When you say ‘driverless
cars’，
people expect