-
专题一
阅读理解
[
全国卷
3
年考情分析
]
题型
与题量
卷别
卷Ⅰ
2018
卷Ⅱ
卷Ⅲ
卷Ⅰ
2017
卷Ⅱ
卷Ⅲ
卷Ⅰ
2016
卷Ⅱ
卷Ⅲ
细节理
解题
7
9
9
7
5
6
10
7
8
推理判
断题
5
3
3
6
6
6
3
5
4
主旨
大意
题
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
词义
猜测
题
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
考情分析
从统计表可以看出，
高考英语阅读理
解的题型设置以细节理解题和推理
判断题为主，
兼顾主旨大意题和词义
猜测题。
细节理解题相对简单，
而其
他三种题型相对较难。<
/p>
在近两年的考
查趋向上，
细节理解题的答
案更加隐
蔽，
叙述含蓄，
直接信息题会
越来越
少，
取而代之的将是事实细节题加入
许多推理、
判断、
归纳等元素；
推
理
判断题的难度会适当加大。
本专题将
对这四种题型进行递进式的指导。
第一讲
细节理解题——定位信息巧比对
细节理解题在英语高考阅读理解中占了较大的比重，
而且此类题
型相对比较简单，
只需
要根据题干中的关键词，回到原文定位信
息区间，稍加比对，就能得出正确答案。因此，对
于这类题目要力求读得快、找得准、答
得对，力争不丢分，保住基本分才能得高分。但有些
细节理解题由于命题人故意设置障碍
，
把有用信息分散在文章不同位置，
有时又有转折、
否
定等，因此有些题目需要仔细地思考、对比、计算、对上下文关键信息把
握和分析。尽管细
节理解题相对简单，
但不可掉以轻心。细节理
解题常见的考查题型有：
直接信息题、间接信
息题、概括细节理
解题和正误判断题。
一、题型特点要知晓
(
一
)
细节理解题常见设问方式
1
．特殊疑问句形式。以
when,
where, what, which, who, how much/many
等
疑问词引
出的问题。
2
．判断是非形式。含有
TRUE/FALSE, NOT true
或
EXCEPT
等的判断是非的问题。此时
要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如
not,
never
等。
3
．以“According to
...”开头的提问形式。
4
．填空形式。如
The
biggest challenge for most mothers is from
________.
(
二
)
细节理解题正确选项特征
< br>指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。
如把
lose
one's
job
换成了
be
out
of
同义替换
work
< br>。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把
important
变换
成
of importance
；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。
信息归纳
正话反说
原文原词
(
三
)
细节理解题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴
无中生有
曲解文意
颠倒是非
正误参半
是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。
符合常识，但不是文章的内容。
与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。
在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
部分正确，部分错误。
二、方法技巧要用好
直接信息题
在解答直接信息题时，<
/p>
考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，
即“带着问题找答案”的方法，
通过定位找题眼。
先从题干中提取关键性词语
< br>(
题眼
)
，
然后以此为线索，
运用略读及寻读的
技巧快速在文章中寻找
与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，
然后仔细推敲，
仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，
在准确理解细节的前提下
，
最后
确定答案。解题流程图如下：
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
< br>
把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
利用原文原词作为正确选项。
[
例
] <
/p>
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ阅读
D
节选
)
…
I
found the pre?holidays a good time to encourage
young children to donate
less?used
things, and it worked. Because of our efforts,
our
daughter Georgia did
decide to donate a large bag of toys to
a little girl whose mother was unable to
pay
for
her
holiday
due
to
illness.
She
chose
to
sell
a
few
larger
objects
that
were
less often used when we promised to put
the money into her school fund
(
基金
) (our
kindergarten daughter is serious about
becoming a doctor)
．
…
33
．
What made
Georgia agree to sell some of her
objects?
A
．
Saving up for
her holiday.
B
．
Raising money
for a poor girl.
C
．
Adding the
money to her fund.
D
．
Giving the
money to a sick mother.
[
解题示范
]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键
题干中的关键词：
Georgia, sell,
objects
定位：用
Georgia
，
sell
，
objects
寻读，在文中找到信
息源——
She
chose
to
sell
a
few
larger
objects
that
锁信息
were less
often used when we promised to put the
money
into
her
school
fund
(
基金
)
(our
kindergarten
daughter is serious about becoming a
doctor).
第二步：比对定答案
选项
A
B
C
D
选项意思
为她的假期储蓄。
为一个贫困女孩募捐。
把钱放入她的基金。
把钱送给一个生病的妈妈。
定位
曲解文意
曲解文意
同义替换
无中生有
[
分析
]
选
C
比对选项和信息句可知，女儿愿
意卖几件玩具，是因为我们承诺把钱放入她
的求学基金；选项和原文中均出现
fund
一词，故为直接细节理解题。故选
C
。
间接信息题
间接信息题相比直接信息
题，
命题的隐蔽性更强，
正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行<
/p>
改造。
此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的
转换，
有时还需要进一步
的加工或整理。
[
例
]
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ阅读
B
节选
)
…
Of
the
common
berries,
strawberries
are
highest
in
vitamin
C,
although,
because
of their seeds, raspberries contain a
little more protein (
蛋白质
),
iron and zinc
(not
that
fruits
have
much
protein).
Blueberries
are
particularly
high
in
antioxidants
(
抗氧化物质
). The yellow and
orange stone fruits such as peaches are
high in the carotenoids we turn into
vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for
cherries
(
樱桃
),
they
are
so
delicious
who
cares?
However,
they
are
rich
in
vitamin
C.
…
24
．
What does the
author seem to like about cherries?
A
．
They contain
protein.
B
．
They
are high in vitamin A.
C
．
They have a
pleasant taste.
D
．
They are rich
in antioxidants.
[
解题示范
]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键
题干中的关键词：
cherries
定位：
用
cherries
寻读，
在文中找到信息源——
As
for
cherries
(
樱桃
),
锁信息
they
are
so
delicious
who
cares?
However,
they
are
rich
in
vitamin
C.
第二步：比对定答案
选项
A
B
C
D
选项意思
它们含有蛋白质。
它们富含维生素<
/p>
A
。
它们口感好。
它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。
定位
张冠李戴
张冠李戴
同义替换
张冠李戴
[
分析
]
选
C
根据该段最后一句“As
for cherries (樱桃
), they are so
delicious who
cares? However, they are
rich in vitamin
C
．”可知，原文中的
they are so
delicious
被替换成选项中的
They have a
pleasant taste
，为间接细节理解题。故选
C<
/p>
。
概括细节理解题
< br>概括、
归纳信息是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，<
/p>
这是命
题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。<
/p>
考生首先应依据题干指向，
找到文
中相应
的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，
挑选
出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。
[
例
]
(2
018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读
C
节选
)
…
At
present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The
distribution of these
languages
is
hugely
uneven.
The
general
rule
is
that
mild
zones
have
relatively
few
languages,
often
spoken
by
many
people,
while
hot,
wet
zones
have
lots,
often
spoken
by small numbers.
Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas
about 1,000;
Africa
2,400;
and
Asia
and
the
Pacific
perhaps
3,200,
of
which
Papua
New
Guinea
alone
accounts
for
well
over
800.
The
median
number
(
中位数
)
of
speakers
is
a
mere
6,000,
which means that half the world's
languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
…
30
．
How many
languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at
present?
A
．
About 6,800.
C
．
About 2,400.
[
解题示范
]
第一步：定信息区间
抓关键
题干中的关键词：
6,000
定位：
用
6,000
寻读，在文中找到信息源——
The
median
number
(
中位数
)
of
锁信息
speakers is a mere 6,000, which means
that half the world's languages
are
spoken by fewer people than that.
第二步：比对定答案
选项
A
B
C
D
选项意思
大约
6
800
种。
大约
3
400
种。
大约
2
400
种。
大约
1
200
种。
原文意思
6
800
为现在世界现存语言数量。
世界语言总量的一半即为
3
400
。
2
400
为非洲语言数量。
数字
1 200
在原文中没有出现，也
无法
做出有效归纳。
定位
张冠李戴
信息归纳
张冠李戴
无中生有
B
．
About 3,400.
D
．
About 1,200.
[
分析
]
选
B
根据本段第一句“At
present, the world has about 6,800
languages.”
可知，目前世界上有大约
6
800
种语言；再根据最后一句“The median number
(中位数
) of
speakers is a mere
6,000, which means that half the world's languages
are spoken by
fewer people than
that.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于
6
000
，也就是说
有大约
3
400
种语言的使用人数少于
6
000
。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知
B<
/p>
项为正确选项。
正误判断题
正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，
说其繁琐，
因为其信息不像其他类题
目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，
而是分散在文章的各个角落。
对于这类题目，
考生要
静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。< p>
[
例
]
(2
015·福建高考阅读
A
节选
)
Food festivals around the world
Stilton Cheese Rolling
May
Day
is
a
traditional
day
for
celebrations,
but
the
2,000
English
villagers
of
Stilton
must
be
the
only
people
in
the
world
who
include
cheese
rolling
in
their
annual
plans.
Teams
of
four,
dressed
in
a
variety
of
strange
and
funny
clothes,
roll
a
complete cheese alo
ng a 50?metre
course. On the way, they must not kick or throw
their
cheese,
or
go
into
their
competitors'
lane
(
赛道
)
．
Competition
is
fierce
and
the
chief
prize
is
a
complete
Stilton
cheese
weighing
about
four
kilos
(disappointingly,
but
understandably
the
cheeses
used
in
the
race
are
wooden
ones).
All
the
competitors
are
served
with
beer
or
port
wine,
the
traditional
accompaniment
for Stilton cheese.
Fiery
Foods Festival
—
The Hottest
Festival on Earth
Every
year
more
than
10,000
people
head
for
the
city
of
Albuquerque,
New
Mexico.
They
come
from
as
far
away
as
Australia,
the
Caribbean
and
China,
but
they
all
share
a
common addiction
—
food that
is not just spicy (
辛辣
), but
hot enough to make
your
mouth
burn,
your
head
spin
and
your
eyes
water.
Their
destination
is
the
Fiery
Food and BBQ Festival which is held
over a period of three days every March. You
might like to try a chocolate?covered
habanero pepper —
officially the
hottest
pepper in the world
—
or any one of the
thousands of products that are on show.
But
one
thing's
for
sure
—
if
you
don't
like
the
feeling
of
a
burning
tongue,
this
festival isn't for you!
La Tomatina
—
The
World's Biggest Food Fight
On
the
last
Wednesday
of
every
August,
the
Spanish
town
of
Bu?ol
hosts
La
Tomatina
—
the
world's largest
food fight. A
week?long celebration
leads
up to an exciting
tomato battle as the
highlight of the week's events. The early morning
sees the
arrival of large trucks with
tomatoes
—
official fight?starters get things
going
by casting tomatoes at the crowd.
…
59
．
Which of the
following is TRUE according to the
passage?
A
．
The chief prize
for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer
or port
wine.
B
．
More than
10,000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ
Festival.
C
．
Thousands of
spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ
Festival.