-
1
．题型特点与命题方式
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。
一般
包括直接理解题
(
在原文中可直
接找到答案，常用
who,
what,
when,
where,
why<
/p>
和
how
等提
问
。
)
、语义转化题
(
< br>需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的
差异，有时
需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论
)
、数字计算题、排列顺序
题、图表图画题
等
抓住文段中的事实
和细节是做好该题型的关键，
也是做好其他类型问题的基础。
这
类题型的
题干常为：
When / Where did the story happen?
Which of the following statements is
(NOT) correct?
Which
of the
following statements is (NOT) mentioned in the
passage?
Which is the right order of
the events given in the passage?
All
the statements
are true
EXCEPT…
该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有
关的信息，
或是其变体。
所以，
搜查信
息在阅
读中非常重要，
它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体
事实、数据、
图表等细节信息。在
一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于
这类围绕主体展开的细节。
做这类题一般采用寻读法，
即先读<
/p>
题，
然后带着问题快速阅读短文，
找出与
问题有关的词语或句子，
再对相关部分进行分析对
比，找出答案
。
2
．解题思路与应试技巧
细节题是针对文中某个细节、
某句话
或某部分具体内容设置问题，
正确答案的根据
一定可以在原文中
找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：
(1)
对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为
正确选项。
(2)
词
性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的
语态，给考生
制造障碍。
(3)
语
言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。
(4)
正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项
(
适用于寻找错误选项的
题目
)
。
干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易
把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：
(1)
将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实
际上却是错误选项。
(2)
把
未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事
情当成已发
生的事情。
(3)
无中生有。即选项内容是根据
主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。
(4)
偷
换概念。把原来做该事的
“
张三
”
换成
“
李四
”
，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不
小心就会误选。
< br>
(5)
文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述
与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细
节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所
提出的问题。
下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。
1
．直接信息题
对此类
题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查
阅的技巧在文
中迅速寻找这一细节，
找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，
仔细比较所给
第
1
页
共
10
页
选项
与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。
例
1
Wanted, Someone for a Kiss
We’re looking for producers
to join us on the sound of London Kiss 100 FM.
You’ll
work on the station’s music
programmes. Music production experience in radio
is necessary, along
with rich knowledge
of modern dance music. Please apply in writing to
Producer Vacancies, Kiss
100.
(
)Who should you get in touch with if
you hope to work in a radio station?
A
．
Producer
Vacancies, Kiss 100.
B
．
Mrs Oglivie,
Palmlace Limited.
C
．
The Enterprise
Shopping Centre.
D
．
Wealden
District Council.
答案：
A
例
2
As
a young girl growing up in the 1930s, I always
wanted to fly a plane, but back then it
was
almost
unheard
of
for
a
woman
to
do
that.
I
got
a
taste
of
that
dream
in
2001,
when
my
husband arranged for me
to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. But
the experience turned out
to be very
dull.
(
)What happened to the author in 2001?
A
．
She flew an
airplane.
B
．
She entered a
competition
C
．
She went on a
hot air
balloon ride
D.
She moved into a retirement
community
答案：
C
2
．间接信息题
做这类题目时，
考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，
然后再
进行进一步的推理或鉴别，
这是
介于事实细节题和推理判断题之
间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。
例
3
…
On
occasion,
I
teach
a
course
called
History
Matters
for
a
group
of
higher
education
managers. My goals
for the class include a full discussion of
historical themes and ideas. Because
I
want students to thoroughly study the material and
exchange
their ideas with
e
ach other in the
classroom
，
I hav
e
a rule
—
no laptops, iPads,
phones, etc. When
students were told my
rule in advance of the class, some of them were
not happy.
…
(
)Some of the students in the history
class were unhappy with________.
A
．
the course
material
B
．
others’ misuse
of technology
C
．
discussion
topics
D
．
the
author’s class regulations
答案：
D
高考阅读
< br>---
细节题
3
．数字计算题
数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，
此类试题是在文章中直接
表现出来细节
事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是
对年代的计算、
月份的计算或比例的计算等。
文章中经常会出现
许多数字，
它们对解题产生一定的影响。
解
答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，
然后经过对比、
分析、
计算等就能够得出正确的
答案。
例
4
…According to the Coalition’s studies,
of over two hundred
million
people living
in the United States, up
to three million are homeless
—and the
number is still growing…
(
)How many people are homeless in the
U
．
S. according to the
Coalition studies?
第
2
页
共
10
页
A
．
39% of the
population.
B
．
200 million
people.
C
．
About 3 million
people.
D
．
About one fifth
of the population
答案：
C
4
．排列顺序题
这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，
找出事件发生
的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用
“
首尾定位法
”
，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件
，迅
速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
例
5
The researchers designed a special cap
for the user. This head cover picks up the
signals from the scalp
(
头皮
) and sends them to a
computer. The computer interprets the signals
and commands the motorized wheelchair.
The wheelchair also has
two cameras
that identify objects in its path. They help the
computer react to commands from the
brain.
…
(
)Which of the following shows the path
of the signals described in Paragraph
5?
A
．
sca
lp
→
computer
→
cap
→
wheelchair
B
．
com
puter
→
cap
→
scalp
→
wheelchair
C
．
scalp
→
cap
→
computer
→
wheelchair
D
．
cap
→
computer
→
scalp
→
wheelchair
答案：
C
探究点二
主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要是测试考
生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握
文章主旨大意的能力。<
/p>
一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。
这类题目考
查
的范围是：
基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求
考生在理解全文的基础上能较
好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章
进行高度概括或总结，属于高层
次题。
1
．题型特点与命题方式
【设题类型】
(1)
概括文章大意；
(2)
选
出最佳题目
(
标题
)
(3)
概括人物特点。
【设问形式】
(1)
标题类常见的标题型题干：
①
The best title
/ headline for this passage might
be________________.
②
The
text (passage) could be entitled __________.
③
What is the
best title for the passage?
④
Which of the following would be
suitable as a title for the passage?
(2)
大意类常见的主题型题干：
①
This passage
chiefly deals with ________________.
②
What’s the
topic of the article?
③
What is the
subject discussed in the text?
④
With what topic
is the passage chiefly concerned?
【命题趋势】
考查考
生对文章的主题、
标题、
中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和
次要信息的
能力。常见题型为最佳标题
(title)
或中心思想
(main idea)
等。主题思
想是文章的核心，能否抓
住文章的主题思想，
是考生阅读能力最
主要的体现。
高考中阅读理解的测试，
自然也以此作
为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。
要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，<
/p>
就要十分留意文章
第
3
页
共
10
页
的开
头和结尾，
要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，
从上下文连贯的意思
来理解全文，
看作者主
要谈的是什么，
透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，
再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的
选项。
有些干扰项，
从局部看也许不算错，但从全局
看却又片面。
这类干扰项与正确答案之
差，
其实是局部与全局之差。
考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，
而忽略了文章的整体思想。
2
．解题思路与应试技巧
做这类题时常用略读法。
快速阅读文
章找出各个段落的主题句。
把各个段落的主题
句联系起来着眼于
全文结构安排，
了解文章的重心，
就能概括出文章的中心。
文章的标题是
中心思想最精炼的表达形式，
选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，
不能太大也不能太小。
命<
/p>
题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识
编造干扰项，
把文中的细节当主旨，
利用局部信息编造干扰项，
编制超出文章范围的标题或
不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查
考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。
下面结
合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。
(1)
标题类
标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。
在阅读中不仅要求考生能够
通过自己已知
的信息概括出段落的中心思想，
而且还要对概括出
的中心思想加以提炼，
拟定出段落的标题。
在测试中能够迅速而
准确地选择标题。
文章标题可以是单词、
短语，
也可以是句子。
标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内
容，抓住文章讨论的中心
把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为短语；涵盖
性强，一般要求能覆盖
全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，
不能随意改变语言表
意的程度及色彩。
例
7
Cassandra
Feeley
finds
it
hard
to
manage
on
her
husband
’
s
income.
So
this
year
she
did
something more than a hobby: She
planted vegetables in her yard. For her fist
garden, Ms Feeley
has put in 15 tomato
plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables.
The family
’
s old farm house
has become a chicken bourse ,its
residents arriving next mont
h. Last
year, Gartin kept a
small garden. This
year she has made it much larger because, she said
,
“
The cost of everything is
going up and I was looking to lose a
few pounds too; so it
’
s a
win-win situation all
around.
”
They
are
among
the
growing
number
of
Americans
who,
driven
by
higher
living
costs
and
a
falling
economy(
经济
), have taken up
vegetable gardening for the first time. Other have
increased
the size of their existing
gardens. Seed companies and garden shops say no
since the 1970s have
there been such an
increase in interest in growing food at home. Now
many gardens across the
country
hacek
been
sold
out
for
several
months.
In
Austin,
Tex.,
some
of
the
gardens
have
a
three-year waiting list.
George Jr, owner of a company, said
sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40%,
over
last
year,
double
the
average
growth
of
last
five
years.
argues
that
some
of
the
reasons have been building for the last
few years. The big one is striking use in me cost
on food
like bread and milk, together
with the increases in the price of fruit and
vegetables. Food prices
have increase
of higher oil price. People are driving less,
taking fewer vacations, so there more
time to garden.
64. What
does the word
“
residents
”
in Paragraph 1
probably refer to?
A. chickens B.
tomatoes C. gardens D. people
65. Why
is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly
popular?
A. More Americans are dong it
for fun.
B. The price of
oil is lower than before.
C.
There
’
s a growing need for
fruits.
D. The cost of
living is on the rise.
第
4
页
共
10
页
66. Which of the following might be the
best title for the text?
A. Family Food
Planning
B. Banking on Gardening
C. A
Belt-tightening Move
D.
Gardening as a Hobby
答案：
AAA
(2)
大意类
解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。
概括主
旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就
通过关键词句
来概括
(
如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找
概括情节和中
心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。
)
。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记
作者的观点才是体现全
文中心的。
此时，
要注意一些转折词，
如
but, yet, however, although, in
spite of, by contrast, on the contrary<
/p>
等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题
时要弄清
哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
例
8They are the sort of
friends who are so close they trust each other
with their lives. If one fails
the other is there to catch him.
They
are
Wellman
,whose
legs
were
permanently
injured
nine
years
ago
in
a
rock-
climbing
accident.
and
Corbett,
an
experi
enced
rock
climber
,Together
,they
climed
up
Half
Dome
,the
famous 2,000-foot rock in the Yosemite
National Park ,the medium of through the most
different
routes.(
路线
)
During the climb, Crorbett
took the lead, hit in the metal
spikes
（
尖状物）
that
guided the ropes and
climbed up. Then,
after Wellmanm pulled himself up the rope, Corbett
went down to remove the
spikers and
climbed up again. This process was repeated time
and again, inch by inch, for 13 days.
Wellman’s job was not easy either. He
got himself up the rope through upper body stength
alone.
In all, Wellman figured that he
had done 5,000 pull-ups up the rope on the climb.
However, when
the two men first met, they never talked about
clim
bing . “he knew that was how
I got injured.” Wellman said. Until one
day Wellman decided that he wanted to climb again
and
they started training.
Their climb of half dome was not all
smooth. At one point, pieces of rock gave way, and
Corbett
dropped down quickly. Wellman
locked their rope in place. Stopping the fail at
20 feet. His quick
action probably
saved his friend’s life.
“your partner can save
your
life
---
you can save
your
partner’s life,”
Wellman said as the pair
recei
ved congratulations
from friends. ”there are real close ties.”
64. which of the following
was a challenge for Corbett in climbing half dome?
A. to climb up to remove the spikes.
B. to climb it twice
C. to do 5,000 pull-ups up the rope.
D. to lock the rope in
place.
65. why did the two men never
talk about climbing when they first met?
A. Corbett was poorly trained.
B. Wellman had lost
interest in climbing.
C. Corbett didn’t
want to hurt Wellman.
D.
Wellman hadn’t decided whether to climb
again.
66. what do we know
about Wellman?
A. he climbed half dome
by himself.
B. he was
disabled in a traffic accident.
C. he
stopped rock-climbing for some time.
D.
he was saved by Corbett during the climb.
67. the main idea of the text is that__
A. two beads are better than one
B. friendship
is precious in life
第
5
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页