-
细节理解题的解题步骤和方法
一、教学引入
细节理解题
.
是高考英语阅读理解最重要的一类题型。
根据我
的分类，
所有的阅读理解题型按照答案
在文中出现的位置和形式
不通，可以分为细节理解和主旨大意两大类，而前一类在整个题量当中大概会
占到
80%
甚至以上的比例。
二、细节理解题的分类
细节理解题的
答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复，而是根据文中的细节经过合理的推
理或
转化得出的。
1
．同样，按照答案在
原文中出现的位置，细节理解题可以分为集中型细节理解题和分散型细节理解
题。
（
1
）集中型：就
文章的单个细节提问，答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单句话或几句话中。
因为具体
细节不同，出题形式千变万化，因题而异。如：
【
2010
江苏】
57. According
to the passage, the ancestors of the
Potter
family most probably
<
/p>
【
2010
上海】
70.. As is mentioned in the card, the
limitation
of the research
paper mainly lies in that
（
2
）分散型：题目涉及到文章某一段或几
段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中
的多个细节。请注意，分散型细节理
解题并不意味着题目的正确答案出现在文章的不同位置，正确
答案往往也是关于文章的某
一个句子或细节。只是说文章的干扰选项是关于不同的细节，需要我们
在定位的时候阅读
某一个区域。分散型细节理解题常见的出题方式有：
Which of the following is not true?
We can learn/infer from the
passage that
…
Which of the follow
ing is
NOT mentioned about …?
也有因题而
异的，有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中，需要考生仔细定位。如：
< br>【
2010
江苏】
61.
Some people are against killing wolves because
.
原文所陈述的原因有很多段，而并不是单个的句子。
2.
就题目形式而言，细节理解题的表现形式是多种多样的，
最常见的有：
（
1
< br>）文章细节：针对文中细节直接提问
（
2
）指代判断：判断文中某个代词或特定词组的指代关系
（
3
）图表数据：对题目中的图标
和数据进行简单的计算
（
4
）词义
猜测：推测文中某个词或词组的含义
（
5
）顺序排列：选择文中细节出现的正确的时间顺序或逻辑顺序
（
6
）态度目的：作者在文中引入某个细节的目的，或对某个细节或细
节人物的态度
三、
细节理解解题方法
三大法宝：
顺序原则、定位词、排除法
1.
把握解题的顺序原则。
一般来说
隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的，
这能帮助我们缩小
寻找范围，大大提高效率。我们做题时可以采用采用步步为营法，看一题做一题。
【
2010
广东】
C
Food sometimes
gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who
eats such food can get an illness called
food
poisoning.
Food
poisoning
is
usually
not
serious,
but
some
types
are
deadly,
The
symptoms
of
food
poisoning usually begin
within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is
one of the most common symptoms.
Certain microorganisms
(
微生物
) cause most types of
food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms
can
poison
eggs,
meat,
vegetables,
and
many
other
foods.
After
entering
the
body,
these
tiny
living
things
release (
释放
)
poisons that make people sick.
Some chemicals can also
cause food poisoning. They are often added to food
while it is being grown,
processed, or
prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals
on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some
people may have a bad reaction to those
chemicals when they eat the crops.
Some plants and animals
contain natural poisons that are harmful to
people. These include
certain kinds of
seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and
mushrooms.
When people handle food properly, the
risk of food poisoning is very small
Microorganisms multiply
rapidly in
dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means
that people should never touch food with ditty
hands or put food on unwashed surfaces.
Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop
microorganisms from
gnawing. Meat needs
to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous
microorganisms. People should also wash
food covered with chemicals before
eating it. Finally, people should not eat raid
mushrooms or other foods that
.
grow in the wild. Some of these foods
may contain natural materials that are poisonous
to humans. In addition,
some types of
fish can be poisonous.
Most people recover from food poisoning
after a few days of resting and drinking extra
water. If people
eat natural poisons,
they must go to the hospital right away to have
their stomachs emptied.
51. Which of
the following statements is
NOT
true?
A.
Food when poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.
52. We know from the passage that the
symptoms of food poisoning
.
A. are always
accompanied by a fever
B. are too
common to be noted
C. can be noticed
within hours
D. can be ignored
53. Food poi
soning can be
caused by all the following EXCEPT
.
A. some chemicals
B. low
tempertures
C.
some tiny living things
D.
certain natural materials
54. From
Paragraph 5, we can learn that
A.
mushrooms should not be eaten
B.
vegetables are safer than meat and seafood
C. natural poisons are more dangerous
than chemicals
D. different types of
food should be handled differently
55.
It can be inferred from the passage that
A. natural materials are safe in food
processing
B. chemicals are needed in
food processing
C. food
poisoning can be kept under control
D.
food poisoning is out of control
该篇文章除了
最后一题是主旨大意题外，其他都是细节理解题，而且答案位置的先后顺序与题号顺
序是
基本一致的。
2.
通过定位词寻找出题点
定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者< /p>
用于解答主旨大意题。通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标
记意义的词
或词组划记出来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。
（
1
）什么词才算是定位词呢？
我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字
、百分数等的数词，以及题干
中出现的大写的名词。如
【
2010
辽宁】
6
4. According to
California
study, the low-scoring group might
. <
/p>
【
2010
全国卷
II
】
51. Why are some
Chinese
likely to go skiing
in the
Europe
?
【<
/p>
2010
辽宁】
61. What
does the writer dislike most about dinner parties
in
New York?
【
201
0
全国
I
】
6
1. How did
Christy McKinley
know
Ms.
Schatzman
’
s
opinion of the chi tea?
【
2010
山东】
57.
was created for
.
【
2010
湖南】
62, We can know that before
1995
Mary
.
【
2010
四川】
46. What is an advantage of the
buildings meeting the
Green Communities
Standards
?
在上面的例子当中，表示地名的
California,
New
York,
Europe
；表示人名的
Christy
McKinley,
Ms.
Schatzman
，
表示时间的
1995
以及大写的特殊专有名词
, Green
Communities Standards
等都是定位词，在原文当中都有出现，能
帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点。
可是我们不一定每次都运气好
碰到专有名词等，在没有上面这些类词的时候我们需要留意一些表示
实体意义，指代一件
具体事物的具象的名词。如：
【
20
10
广东】
48. When your
colleague
brings about a
problem, you should
.
【
2010
江苏】
56. Which of the following do the
surnames
in the passage NOT
cover?
【
2010
全国
I
】
56. Where is the
nearest
parking place
to
Shakespeare’s
Birthplace
?
【
2010
全国
I
】
66
. Why do
hoatzins
collect
together in smaller groups when the
rainy season
comes?
如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢
？这时我们还可以关注题干中词义
鲜明的动词、形容词、副词等。但是因为动词、形容词
、副词的同义表达太多，题干中这些词往往是原
.
文中的
同义表达或转化，需要引起我们的注意。这个我们在下文中还会专门提到。请看下面一个用形容
< br>词、副词作定位词的例子：
【
2010
上海】
67. Indian elephants
are getting
increasingly
angry
and they revenge because
在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子
：
Increasingly
, the Indian
elephant is
angry
: for many
years, illegal
hunters have attacked it
and its home in the jungle has been reduced to
small pieces of land. It is now fighting
back.
在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点：
（
1
）文章
中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。
我
们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。如：
【
2010
全国
II
】
A
篇（文章略）
41. What would
Brownie
do when someone was
ill in the family?
A. Look at them
sadly.
B. Keep them company.
C.
Play games with them.
D.
Touch them gently.
42. We can infer
from Paragraph 2 that
Brownie
__________.
A. world eat anything when hungry
B. felt sorry
for her mistake
C. loved
playing hide-and-seek
D. disliked the
author
’
s dad
does the author say that
Brownie
was more than just a
family pet?
A. She was treated as a
member of the family.
B. She played
games with anyone she liked.
C. She was
loved by everybody she met.
D. She went
everywhere with the family.
44. Some
people got frightened by
Brownie
when she__________.
A. smiled
B. barked
C. rushed to
them
D. tried to be funny
of the following best describes
Brownie
?
A. Shy
B. Polite
C.
Brave
D. Caring
我们发现，<
/p>
这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有
Brownie,
因此
Brownie
不是定位词。
这也是在上面
讲第一类首选定位词的时候给出例子里全国卷
< br>I
的
56
、
66
两题不把
hoatzins
Shakespeare’s
Birthplace
当做定位词的
原因。他们虽然是特殊名词或专有名词，但是在文中反复出现，
没有定位价值。
（
2
）大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词，因为名词的可替代性相对较低，容易找到唯一出处。
但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词，也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词。一般来说，下面两
类名词
都不可取。
a.
抽象词。如
opinion, idea, result,
information, role, effect, trend,
theory
等等。
b.
言语词。如
statement, argument,
comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer
，
reason
等等。如：
【
2010
江苏】
60. According to the passage, some
people in
North America
favor killing wolves for all the
following reasons EXCEPT that
.
文章所叙述的地区正是
North
America
,
因此在这个题干中
North
America
不能算是定位词。那么
reason
算不算呢，它是一个言语词，在文章当中通常也是不出现的，不能算是定
位词。
（
3
）并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文
中出现
的只是题干定位词的转换形式。在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有
利于我们在浏览文章
是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。一般
来说，定位词的转换有下面几种形
式：
a.
同义改写。
题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组，<
/p>
词性和结构不变，
意义相近。
如：
【
2010
全国<
/p>
II
】
A
篇
When I was six, Dad
brou
ght home a dog one day, who was
called
“Brownie”,
My
brothers and I all loved
Brownie and
did different things with her. One of us would
walk her, another would feed her ,then there were
baths, playing catch and many other
games .
Brownie, in return, loved each
and every one of us. One thing that
most touched my heart was that she
would go to whoever was
sick
and just be with them. We always felt
better
when she was around.
41. What would Brownie do when someone
was
ill
in the family?
A. Look at them sadly.
B.
Keep them company.
C. Play games with them.
D. Touch them gently.
这里原文中的
sick
被转换成了题干中的
ill
。
【
2010
< br>广东】
A
篇
.
When
I
was
growing
up
in
America,
I
was
ashamed
of
my
mother’s
Chinese
English.
Because
of
her
English, she was often
treated unfairly
. People in
department stores, at banks, and at restaurants
did not take her
seriously, did not
give her good service, pretended not to understand
her, or even acted as if they did not hear
her.
41. Why was the
author’s mother
poorly
served
?
A. She was unable to
speak good English.
B. She was often
misunderstood.
C. She was
not clearly heard.
D. She was not very polite.
我们发现原文中的
treated unfairly
与题干中的
poorly
served
意义相近，
因此在浏览文章的时候就能
够注意到
treated unfairly
，并在这个定位词附近寻找正确答案。
【
2010
江苏】
D
篇
But the
key issue
is really money
．
China is
already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on
domestic railway
expansion
．
68
．
According to
the passage
，
the
greatest challenge
to the
new high-speed railway plan is
．
A
．
technical
issues
B
．
safety of the
system
C
．
financial
problems
D
．
maintenance of
railway tracks
这里文章中的名词词组
key
issue
转换成了题干中的
greatest challenge,
意义相近
.
【
2010
陕西】
B
篇
Tuesday’s Daily News
said 29
-year who left the spot
quickly
after the rescue
last Saturday.
51. What did Duret do
shortly
after the ambulance
came?
A. He was interviewed by a
newspaper
B. He asked his girlfriend
for his dry clothes
C. He went to the
hospital in the ambulance
D. He
disappeared from the spot quickly
这里文章中的
quickly
转化成了题干中的
shortly
b.
转变词性与结构
:
题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一致，而是做了一定的
概括与总结。如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词、形容词等等。
【
2010
江西】
C
Confucius suggested Rule
as a principle for the conduct of life:
“
Do not do to others what
you would not
want others to do to
you.
”
He assumed that all
men were equal at birth, though some potential
than others, are
that it was knowledge
that
set men apart
. Socrates
focused on individual, and thought that the
greatest purpose
of man was to seek
wisdom. He believed that some had more potential
to develop their reason than others did.
Like Confucius, he believed that the
superior class should rule the
inferior(
下层的
)classes.
66. What made some people
different
from others
according to
Confucius
?
A. Family
B. Potential
C. Knowledge
D. Community
我们发现文章中的
set men apart
即有题干中的
different
之
意。
这里将一个动词词组转化成为一个形
容词。
因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词
different
（
Confucius
在文中反复出现）就容易让我们定位到
set men
apart
这里来。
我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词，现在让我们用高考真题来演练一下定位词是< /p>
如何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的。
【
2010
江苏】
D
< br>篇
It
’
11
be
a
win-win
project
.
For
other
countries
，
the
railway
network
will
definitely
create
more
opportunities for
business
，
tourism and so
on
，
not to mention the better
communication among those countries.
For China
，
such a
project would not only connect it with the rest of
Asia and bring some much-needed
resources
，
but
would also help develop
China
’
s far
west
．
We foresee that in the
coming decades
，
millions of
people will migrate to the western
regions
，
where the land is
empty and resources
unused
．
With high-speed
trains
，
people
will set up factories and business centers in the
west once and for a11
．
And
they
’
11 trade with
Central Asian and Eastern European
countries
．
67
．
China
’
s
new high-speed railway plan will be a
win-win project
because
．
A
．
China will get
much-needed resources and develop its western
regions
B
．
China and the countries
involved will benefit from the project in various
ways
C
．
China will develop its
railway system and communication with other
countries
D
．
the
foreign countries involved will develop their
railway
transportation
，
business and
tourism
.
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-
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