-
高一英语专题培优
——阅读理解解题技巧
考纲解读:
阅读理解是英语考试中的
一个重要题型,分值高、题量大。阅读理解考查
的根本是检验学生对有关信息的搜集、<
/p>
加工能力。
新的高中英语教学大纲明确规
定:
侧重提高阅读能力
。
英语考试大纲规定,考生应能:
(1)
理解主旨和要义;
(2)
理解文中具体信息;
(3)
根据上下文推断生词的词义;
(4)
做出简单判断和推理;
(
5
)理解文章的基本结构;
(
6
)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
命题探究:
一.选材特点:
广东省高考阅读理解解题选材,一般遵循三个原则:
1.
文章一般为
4
篇,阅读量在
2500
个单词左
右;
2.
题材广泛,包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容;
3.
体裁多样,包括记叙文、说明文、应用文、论述文等。
二.题目类型:
< br>高考中的阅读理解一般分为四大类:细节题、猜词题、推断题以及主旨题
三.题目特点:
1.
无论哪一类题都一定能在文中找到依据。
2.
每篇文章的
5
个小题正确答案的关键信息按照短文出现的先后顺序依次
排列。如第
2
题的关键信息点在第二段中,那么第
3
题的关键信息点很
可能就会在第三段中,而在第一
段的可能性就很小。主旨大意题和写作
目的题一般都安排在第
5
小题。
阅
读水平的提高不是一两天的阅读就可以见效的。
想要提高阅读能力,
一
是要培养良好的阅读行为习惯
提高分数技巧:
1.
抓好限时训练
同学们可以通过限时训
练有计划、循序渐进地提高自己的阅读速度。做阅读理解训练
时,尝试在原文中划出答案
出处,这能帮助我们在阅读时以文章为依据,而不凭空猜想。
2.
养成良好的阅读习惯
同学们在平时训
练时要养成良好的阅读习惯。
首先要避免
“指读”
。
很多学生喜欢用手
或笔指着文字读,
这种阅读习惯容易使思维停留在手指着的局部单词上,
会阻碍对中心思想
p>
的理解。而且这种方法比默读慢得多,会影响阅读的速度。
其次要避免出声阅读。嘴唇随着文字而蠕动或发出细小的声音都会大大地影响阅读速
度。
还要避免过多地停顿回读。
在阅读过程中由于
对某个词语或句子不太明白,
眼睛过多地
重复同一个词语或句子
,
这样既影响阅读速度,
又影响对文章的连贯理解和较好地获取
中心
意思,而且易使眼睛和大脑疲劳。
3.
掌握适当的阅读技巧
常见的
阅读方法
有三种:
(
1
)
先文后题。
即先把全文读懂,然后做题。
这种方法的缺点是阅读的目的性不明确,
记住的细节内容未必有用,
有用的内容未必记住。
答题
时仍需到短文中去寻找,
实际上等于
降低了读速,降低了效率。
(
2
)先题
后文。即先读问题,然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点是目的明确,在
阅读时有所侧
重,
能节省时间。
该法比较适合类似广告性质的阅读理解题。<
/p>
缺点在于由于没
有读过短文,不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况,
因而不可能很快找到所需信息,
有时很有
可能断章取义,不利于做推理题和主旨大意题。
(
3
)
文——题——文。
即先快速通读全文,对文章形成总体印象,了解全文的题材、
主要结构、中心思想、主题
段、主题句,然后读问题,明白该文章的考查点,最后,再带着
问题跳读文章,
寻找与答题内容有关的词句,
这样既提高了做题的准确性,
又能有效地利用
时间。因此,文——题——文阅读理解方法是多数人采用的,
可提高阅读速度的有效方法。
4.
积累文化背景知识
英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识,还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知
识。这就需要我们通过大量的阅读来积累。我们要拓展知识面,注意社会热点。我们了解的
东西越多,知识面越宽,对文章的理解就越容易。
5.
注重长难句的理解
近几年的高考阅读
理解题十分注重借助复杂语境考查考生对语言语法知识综合运用
的能力。
所选阅读材料中常有大量复杂单句和复合句,
以此来增强句子结构的复杂性和语
境
理解难度。所以,理解长句、复杂句成了考生顺利理解阅读材料,提高阅读速度的关键
。
一般地说,造成长难句的原因主要有三个方面:
(
1
)修饰语过多;
<
/p>
(
2
)并列成份多;
(
3
)语言结构层次多。
在分析长难句时应采用
“先缩后扩”
的方法。先缩,即首先找出句子的主语、谓语、
宾语,
这样就抓住了句子的主干,也就从整体上把握了句子的结构。后扩,
分析句子主
干以
外的从句或短语的功能以及和主干的相互关系。
例如:
p>
非谓语动词的成分是什么,
其逻辑主
语是哪
个,
定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个,
介词短语修饰哪个词,
and
连接的是哪些并
列成分等等。
英语有句谚语
Practice makes
perfect
,
同学们如果能科学
训练,
持之以恒,阅读水平就会有质的飞跃。
第一节:阅读理解之
事实细节题
分析解读:
p>
事实细节题是阅读理解中最常出现的题型,这类试题旨在考查学生对事实
细节的理解。主要针对
who, what, which, why, how,
when, where
等来提问,可能
只针对文章中的某一特
定的细节,
也可能涉及若干个细节。
很多同学在做这种题
目时比较喜欢在选项中寻找原文中的句子,
但往往照抄原文的句子并不
一定是正
确选项。
做这类题目时,
应关
注选项和原句的细微差别,
选择与原文意思和所问
问题都相符的
答案。
解题时注意以下两点:
1.
用题干或选项中的关键词在文中
搜索(寻读)找到题眼,迅速锁定相关
词句或信息点,这是解题的依据所在。
2.
如果题干中含有
否定意义的词语,如有
not
,
exc
ept
等,要特别留心。
解题技巧:
1.
解题原则:忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系,决不能主观臆断。
2.
文章中心是论点,事实细节是论
据或主要理由;有关细节的问题通常是对文
中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进
行提问,所提问题一般可直接
或间接在文章中找到答案。
3.
提问的特殊疑问词常有:
what
,
who
,
which
,
where
,
how
,
why
等。
4.
事实细节类题目常见的设问方式:
(
1
)
Which of the following is true/ not
true?
(
2
)
Which of the following statement is
correct according to the passage?
(
3
)
All the statements are true
except______?
(
4
)
Which of the following is not mentioned
in the passage?
(
5
)
The author mentions all of the
following except_______?
(
6
)
Choose the right order of this passage.
(
7
)
According to the passage, when (where,
why, how, who, etc.)
…
(
8
)
The reason is _______?
(
9
)
From the passage we know that________?
5.
解题要领:仔细阅读材料,寻
找答案来源;看准题目要求,避免干扰项;对
比相似表达,正确使用排除法。
典型例析:
一、
Wh-
疑问词提问题:
< br>
例
1
:
A
French tourist highly praised for rescuing a two-
year-old girl in Manhattan
said he
didn
’
t think twice before
diving into the freezing East River.
Tuesday
’
s Daily
News said 29-year-old Julien Duret from France is
the man who
left the spot quickly after
the rescue last Sunday.
He
lifted
the
little
girl
out
of
the
water
after
she
fell
off
the
bank
at
the
South
Street Seaport museum.
He handed the girl to her father, David Anderson,
who had
dived in after him.
Q
:
Who dived after
Duret into the river to save the little girl?
A. David Anderson
B.
A passer-by
C. His
girlfriend
D. A taxi driver
例
2
:
Lying in the sun on a
rock, the cougar(
美洲狮
) saw
Jeb and his son, Tom, before
they saw
it. Jeb put his bag down quickly and pulled his
jacked open with both hands,
making
himself
look
big
to
the
cougar.
It
worked.
The
cougar
hesitated,
ready
to
attack
Jeb, but ready to forget the whole thing, too.
Q: Why did Jeb pull his jacket open
when he saw the cougar?
A. To get ready
to fight.
B. To frighten
it away.
C. To protect the boy.
D.
To cool down
技巧:在题干中寻找线索词,并注意题干中的名词、动词、
形容词等实词,找出线索词在文
中出现的位置。
二.排序题
例:
In the 19th century
England people liked to go to the seaside. In
those days, ladies
wore long bathing
dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not
walk about on
the
beach(
沙滩
)in
their
bathing
dresses.
They
hired
a
bathing
machine.
A
bathing
machine was used for
changing in, and for taking the bather down to the
sea. It cost 2
pence(
便士
) to hire
a machine and an
attendant(
侍者
). When she had
paid, the bather
climbed up the back
steps and got into the bathing machine. Then she
changed into
her bathing dress. When
she had changed, the machine was pulled down to
the sea.
The bathing machine stoped in
the water and the bather went down the front steps
into
the
water. If she did not want to get into
the sea, the attendant pulled her in.
Q:
In
19th
century
people
who
used
the
bathing
machine
usually
did
the
following
things. Which is
the right order for doing them?
a.
Changing into bathing clothes
b. Getting out
of the bathing machine
c. Paying 2 pence
d. Getting into
the bathing machine
e. Being taken down the beach
f. Getting into the water
A. e, d, a, b,
f, c
B. c, d,
a, e, b, f
C. c, d, e, a, b, f
D.
d, a, e, b, f, c
[
分析
]
答案
B
题目要求找出利用
bathing
m
achine
游泳的程序,显然,租用一个
bathing
machine
是要先付钱的,所以
c
就是第一个动作,下水
f
应该是最后一
个动作了。这样用排
除法就可以排除
A
和
D
项。再看
B
和
C
项,从第一段倒
数第三句可知先<
/p>
a
后
e
,故选<
/p>
B
。
技巧:
先找出最早的一个时间和事件
,
把它作为事件发生的具体点,
然后使用排除法将范围
一一缩小,从而快速地选出正确答案。
练一练:
When the
right mixture of cosmic dust
(
宇宙尘
) comes together near a
young star,
a planet begins to form
slowly, the planet creates its own
gravity(
重力
). That allows
the planet to pull material from the
disk of gases and other matter floating around the
star and grow.
Q: Which of
the following shows the right order of a
planet
’
s formation
(
形成
)
?
a,
that allows the planet to pull material
b,
slowly, the planet creates its own gravity
c,
matter floating around the star and grow.
d,
when the right mixture of cosmic dust comes
together near a young star
A
.
b, a, c, d
B. b, a ,d, c
C. d, b, c, a
D. d, b, a, c
三、计算题
例
1
:
Viewing Platform Penguin
Plus(+V)
More personalized wildlife
viewing limited to 130people providing closer
viewing of
the penguin arrival than the
main viewing stands.
Adults $$25.00
Child $$12.50
Q: How much
would a couple with one child pay for a closer
viewing tour?
A. $$37.50
B. $$62.50
C. $$180.00
D. $$150.00
技巧:计算题也是近几年高考中常考的
内容,此类
试题
是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实,
有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。
具体的计算题可以是对年代
的计算、
月份的
计算或比例的计算等。
文章中经常会出现许多数字,
它们对解题产生一定的影响。
解答
此类
试题
的方法是先来理解文章的大意,然后经过对比、分析、
计算等就能够得出正确的答案
了。
练一练:
We
offer
a
wide
choice
of
bachelors
degrees
(
学位
)
for
international
students,
which
includes:
Arts,
Communication
Studies,
Social
Sciences,
etc.
Bachelor
of
Music
and
Bachelor
of
Education
are
only
for
New
Zealand
citizens,
for
further
information: deg@.
Tuition
Fees(
学费
)
Tuition
fees are different from department to department,
generally from $$5,000
to $$6,000 a year.
For further information: tui@.
Accommodation(
住宿
)
You can have a room in a 4-bedroom
flat, which will cost about $$100 a month
with
other
regular
living
costs
of
about
$$150
a
month
for
one
person.
For
further
information: acc@waikato.
Health
The Student Health
Service provides excellent medical services for
students. The
Medical
Centre
is
open
five
days
a
week,
including
student
holidays
with
four
doctor's
and
nurses
to
meet
your
medical
needs.
For
further
information:
heal@.
Sports
The
Centre is a great place to have sports activities.
Trained exercise teachers can
help you
work out a training plan and keep you active. The
sports hall has volleyball,
basketball
and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as
well. There are also a
large
number
of
sports
clubs
at
Waikato.
For
further
information:
sport@
< br>
(
2005
安徽卷)
Q: You have to pay
at least ______ a year if you study at the
University of Waikato.
A. $$5,250
B. $$8,000
C.
$$9,000
D. $$11,000
[
分析
]B
此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看,文章中所说的
Tu
ition Fees
每
年需要
from
$$5,000
to
$$6,000
,而
a
4-bedroom
flat,
which
will
cost
about
$$100
a
month
,
一年需要
$$1200,
另外的
other
regular
living
costs
of
about
$$150
a
month
for
one
person
经过计算可以知道一年需要
$$1800
,加起
来一年至少需要
$$8000
。
四、判断正误题
例
. In our
classroom
,
we work in various
ways
.
The pupils often work
in groups. This
gives them the
opportunity to learn to
cooperate
,
to
share
,
and to develop
leadership
skills. They also learn how
to deal with problems as well as learning how to
think
,
to
make
decisions
,
to analyze and
evaluate
,
and to communicate
effectively
.
The pupils
learn from each other as well as their
teachers
.
Q:
Which of the
following is NOT MENTIONED in this paragraph?
A. Group work gives pupils the
opportunity to learn to work together with others.
B. Pupils also learn to develop their
thinging abilities.
C. Group work
provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to
be capable
(能干的)
organizers.
D. Pupils also
learn how to take part in teaching activities
技巧:
1.
审题
:
确定选正
/
误。
2.
定位:查找原文中与选项内容相关的词句
3.
三误一正:对原文同义表达的为正确答案
.
如果定位困难
,
可以运用排
除法,这样找
到答案的可能性就会增加。
< br>4.
为节省时间
,
通常找到答案
就不再考虑其他选项。
练一练:
Food
sometimes
gets
poisoned
with
harmful
things.
A
person
who
eats
such
food can get an illness called food
poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious,
but
some
types
are
deadly.
The
symptoms
of
food
poisoning
usually
begin
within
hours of eating the poisoned food.
Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
Q: which of the following statements is
not true?
A. Food when poisoned can
make people sick.
B. Food poisoning
means death.
以偏概全
C. Food
poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food
poisoning can be serious.
总结:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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