佛学词汇翻译

A

Amitabha

阿弥佗佛：

Sanskrit;

Amida

(Japanese).

He

is

one

of

the

major

Buddhas

of

the

Mahayana school, and presides over the Western Pure Land.

Ananda

阿难：

One of Sakyamuni Buddha

’

s Ten Great Disciples. He recorded the Buddha

’

s

teachings as sutras.

Anatta

诸法无我：

There is no permanent self or soul. This belief is one of the Three Marks of

Existence, along with Anicca and Dukkha.

Anicca

诸行无常：

No existence is permanent.

Arhat

(Arhant)

阿罗汉：

Sanskrit;

literally,

one

A

Buddhist

saint

who

has

attained

Nirvana.

Asura (Ashura)

阿修罗：

Powerful demons, and one of the Six Realms of Existence.

Attachment

执、众生执：

The cause of suffering.

Avalokitesvara

观世音菩萨：

Sanskrit;

Kannon

(Japanese),

Chenrezig

(Tibetan),

Kwan

Um

(Korean), Kuan Yin (Chinese). The Bodhisattva of Compassion.

Avatamsaka

华严经：

Literally,

“

Flower

Ornament

”

Sutra.

One

of

the

longest

sutras

in

the

Buddhist Canon, and the epitome of Buddhist thought, sentiment, and experience. It is cited by

all Mahayana Buddhist schools.

Avijja

无明：

Sanskrit; Avidya (Pali). Ignorance and delusion, See Delusion.

B

Bhikshu, Bhikshuni

比丘，比丘尼：

Buddhist monk or nun who renounces the worldly to pursue

liberation.

Bodhi

菩提：

Sanskrit for

“

enlightenment

”

.

Bodhi Mind

菩提心

:Bodhicitta, or Great Mind. The spirit of Enlightenment and the aspiration to

achieve it.

Bodhidharma

菩提达摩

(ca. 470-543)

：

The first patriarch of Zen Buddhism. According to legend,

he

was

the

from

the

West

who

brought

Zen

from

India

to

China.

did

Bodhidharma come from the West?

Bodhisattva

菩萨：

Sanskrit; one who postpones his or her own Enlightenment, to help liberate

other

sentient

beings

from

their

cyclic

existence.

Compassion

is

the

main

characteristic

of

the

Bodhisattva.

Brahma Net Sutra

梵网经：

Contains the Ten Major and 48 Minor Bodhisattva precepts. These 58

precepts constitute the Bodhisattva vows taken by most Mahayana nuns and monks, and some

advanced lay practitioners.

Buddha

佛：

Sanskrit; Butsu (Japanese). Literally,

been released from the world of cyclic existence, samsara, and has been liberated from desire

and attachment in nirvana.

Buddha Nature

佛性

: The true, immutable nature of all beings.

Buddha Recitation

诵经法会

(Buddha Remembrance)

：

Recitation of Amitabha Buddha's name,

or contemplation of His auspicious marks.

C

Chakra

轮：

The Dharma wheel.

D

Dedication of Merit

普回向

:

见

施福移转、功德回向。

Degenerate Age

衰退时期：

See Dharma Ending Age.

Delusion

(Ignorance)

惑：

Unawareness

of

the

meaning

of

existence,

or

the

true

nature

–

Buddha nature

–

of things.

Demons

魔：

Influences which disturb the mind and hinder cultivation.

Devas

天：

Literally,

Dharma

法：

Sanskrit;

dhamma

(Pali).

The

central

idea

of

Buddhism,

and

the

cosmic

law

underlying all existence and, therefore, the teaching of the Buddha. One of the three

Buddhism, and often used as a general name for Buddhism.

Dharma Discourse (Dharma Talk)

论法：

Formal discussion of a koan by a spiritual teacher.

Dharma

Ending

Age

末法时期：

Present

age.

The

time

following

Sakyamuni

Buddha's

age

is

divided

into

(1)

the

Perfect

Age

of

the

Dharma,

which

lasted

500

years,

(2)

the

Dharma

Semblance Age, which lasted about 1000 years, and (3) the Dharma Ending Age, lasting about

10,000 years.

Dharma

Nature

法性：

The

nature

of

all

things.

and

See

also

Buddha

Nature.

Dharmakara

昙摩迦，

法藏菩萨：

The Bodhisatva who became Amitabha Buddha. See the Longer

Amitabha Sutra, famous for its 48 vows. The 18th vow promises rebirth in the Pure Land to those

who recite His name with utmost sincerity and faith at the time of death.

Diamond

Sutra

金刚经：

A

self- contained

section

of

the

Prajnaparamita

Sutra.

It

shows

that

phenomenal appearances are not the ultimate reality, but rather illusions of one's own mind.

Dogen

道元禅师

(1200-1253)< /p>

：

Brought

the

Soto

school

of

Zen

Buddhism

to

Japan.

He

emphasized meditation as the means to Enlightenment.

Dukkha

有为皆苦：

Suffering

and

discontent.

Duhhka

is

central

to

human

life,

and

one

of

the

Three Marks of Existence.

Dusts

尘、六尘：

All mundane things that can cloud our otherwise bright self-nature, including

form, sound, scent, taste, touch, and external opinion. Dusts correspond to the six senses.

Dzogchen

大

圆

满

：

Tibetan;

literally,

perfection

The

supreme

teachings

of

the

Nyingmapa school of Tibetan Buddhism. Adherents believe that these teachings are superior, and

that no other means are necessary.

E

Easy Path of Practice

净土：

Also Pure Land Practice. It is called the

“

Easy Path

”

as it involves

reliance on the power of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to attain enlightenment.

Eightfold Path (Noble Eightfold Path)

圣道、八圣道：

The way to Enlightenment consists of right

understanding,

right

motives,

right

speech,

right

action,

right

livelihood,

right

effort,

right

mindfulness, and right meditation.

Endurance World

世：

See Saha World.

Enlightenment

悟道、

成佛：

Translation of the Sanskrit term bodhi (

by Mahayanists. It is an awakening to the true nature of reality, rather than the extinguishing of

desire implied by the Theravada term nirvana.

Evil Paths

三恶道：

The paths of hells, hungry ghosts, and animality. Can be interpreted as states

of mind.

Expedient

Means

方便法：

Or

Skillful

Means,

skill-in-means,

Upaya.

Methods

targetted

to

the

capacities of individualso as to lift them to Enlightenment.

Externalists

外在派：

Followers of non- Buddhist paths.

F

Five Desires (Five Sensual Pleasures)

五蕴：

Desires of the five senses

–

form, sound, aroma,

taste, and touch. The sixth sense is the mind itself.

Five Precepts

五戒：

Precepts taken by lay Buddhists vowing to abstain from killing, stealing, lying,

sexual misconduct, and consuming intoxicants. See Ten Precepts.

Flower Store World

花花世界：

The entire cosmos as described in the Avatamsaka Sutra.

Four Noble Truths

四圣谛：

There will always be suffering, or dukkha, in life. Suffering stems from

desire.

If

there

is

no

desire,

suffering

will

cease.

The

Noble

Eightfold

Path

will

lead

to

the

extinguishing of desire.

G

Gelugpa

藏佛黄教，

格鲁巴

: One of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. His Holiness the

Fourteenth Dalai Lama is considered the spiritual head of the Gelugpa school.

Guru

宗师：

Spiritual teacher.

H

Heretical Views

六十二见：

The 62 externalist views prevalent in Sakyamuni Buddha's time.

J

Jodo-shin-shu

净土真宗：

Literally, the

the dominant school of Japanese Buddhism today. It is a lay community with no monastics, and

emphasizes reliance on Amida Buddha (Amitabha) for salvation.

Jodo-shu

净土宗：

Literally,

from the Pure Land School of China in the 9th century. It was officially founded by Honen in the

12th century, to provide an easier path to liberation by invoking the Amida Buddha (Amitabha).

In contrast to the Jodo-shin-shu school, Jodo-shu adherents enter the monastic life, and consider

Buddha Recitation as an act of gratitude rather than a way to strengthen trust in Amida.

K

Kagyupa

藏佛白教、噶举巴：

One of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It emphasizes

the transfer of knowledge from master to student.

Karma

业：

Sanskrit; literally,

the world of samsara.

Kensho

见性：

Japanese; sudden realization of one

’

s nature and enlightenment in Zen Buddhism.

Koan

公案：

A paradoxical story or riddle used as a training device in Zen, to force the mind to

abandon logic and dualistic thought.