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What is Poetry?
Developed by Vivion Smith, revised by
Richard Lin
adapted from
work by Susan
Giansanti, Jules
NelsonHill & Ellen Beck
Basic definition of poetry
诗歌基本定义
o
o
traditional
modern
epithalamium
/
epi
θ??
leimi
?
m/
颂歌
elegy
挽歌
哀歌
pastoral
田园诗
love
爱情诗
types of
poems
诗歌类型
?
?
?
?
Parts of a poem
o
speaker
?
persona
?
dramatic
monologue
o
o
o
o
o
audience
subject
tone
theme
diction
措辞
?
denotation
?
connotation
o
o
syntax
句法
imagery
意象
?
olfactory
(smell)
嗅觉
?
tactile
(touch)
触觉
?
visual
(sight)
视觉
?
auditory
(hearing)
听觉
?
gustatory
(taste)
味觉
?
kinesthesia
(feeling of
action)
?
synaesthesia
(sensory)
1
o
figures of speech /rhetorical devices
?
simile
明喻
?
metaphor
暗喻
?
personification
拟人
?
anthropomorphism
拟人论
?
synecdoche
提喻法
?
metonymy
转喻
?
allusion
暗示
?
symbolism
?
verbal irony
?
overstatement
?
understatement
?
paradox
?
oxymoron :nt agony;bitter sweet
o
sound
?
rhyme
?
rhyme scheme
o
rhythm
?
meter
?
organization
?
couplets
?
tercets
?
quatrains
?
blank verse
?
free verse
Basic
Definition
基本定义
Poetry is the most compressed form of
literature.
诗歌是文学艺术的缩影。
Poetry
is
composed
of
carefully
chosen
words
expressing
great
depth
of
meaning.
诗歌措辞严谨，思想深入。
Poetry
uses specific devices
such as
connotation, sound, and rhythm
to express the
appropriate combination
of meaning and emotion.
2
There are two
basic types of poetry:
诗歌的两种基本形式：
traditional - follows standard rules of
grammar and syntax with a regular
rhythm and rhyme scheme.
有规定节奏押韵按严谨的语法句法规则
modern - avoids rhyme and standard
grammatical organization and seeks
new
ways of expression.
无需押韵及标准语法组织，探求新式表达
Regardless
of
whether
it
is
traditional
or
modern
poetry
,
the
subject
of
a
poem
can
be
anything. It could be
about something as
intense as child
birth, or
as
mundane as
waiting
at a bus stop. Since there are
so
many poems written about the
important parts of
life that
affect all humans (marriage, death,
love, and the natural world), there are names for
poems
with these subjects.
Clearly
, not all poems fit into these
categories.
types of poems
诗歌类型
?
?
?
epithalamium - a poem that celebrates a
wedding
颂歌
elegy
- a poem that remembers the dead
挽歌
pastoral - a
poem describing the joys or sorrows of living
close to nature and
away from the city
田园诗
?
love
-
a
poem
filled
with
expressions
of
joy,
despair,
passion,
romance,
spirituality
, religion or
unrequited love.
情诗
Analyzing
Poetry:
分析诗歌
You
analyze a poem to
arrive at an
intelligent interpretation
and
understand what
you
read
.
灵活解释，理解文意
A Rule
诗歌准则
A poem should be read several times in
order to
The more times you read the
poem, the more you can analyze and understand
subtle
shades
of
meaning
in
a
poem.
These
shades
of
meaning
are
often
conveyed through specific poetic
devices, or
Elements of a
Poem:
诗的组成部分
?
?
?
?
?
speaker
（诗中叙述者）
audience
（听众）
subject
（主体）
tone
（基调）
theme
（主题）
?
?
?
?
?
diction
（措辞）
imagery
（意象）
figures of
speech
（修辞法）
sound
（语音）
rhythm
（节奏）
3
speaker
- the created
narrative voice of the poem (i.e. the person the
reader is
supposed to imagine is talkin
g).
诗中叙述者（亦称
persona
）
The speaker is
NOT
necessarily the poet. The poet
often invents a speaker for
the poem in
order to give him/hererself more freedom to
compose the poem.
When the poet creates
another character to be the speaker, that
character is called
the persona.
o
persona - A character created by the
poet to narrate the poem. By creating a
persona, the poet imagines what it is
like to enter someone else's
personality
.
When the poet uses one persona to
narrate the entire poem, the poem is called
a
dramatic
monologue.
戏剧性独白
o
dramatic
monologue - a poem in which the poet uses a
persona, or a narrative
voice
other
than
his
own,
to
tell
the
entire
poem.
These
tend
to
sound
like
one-
sided conversations, like the character is talking
to him/herself.
audience
- the person or
people to whom the speaker is speaking.
Identifying
the audience
within a poem helps you to understand the poem
better. There are
different people the
speaker can address in the poem:
（诗中听众）
o
The speaker can
address another character in the
poem.
可为诗中其他角色
o
The speaker can
address a character who is
not present
or is dead, which is
called
apostrophe
（
/
?ˋpɑstr?f?
/
）
.
可为呼语，可为死者或不在场者
,
或对拟
人的事物所说的话
o
The speaker can
address you, the reader.
可为读者
subject
- the general or
specific topic of the poem (what the poem is
about).
主体
tone
- the poet's attitude
toward the subject of the poem (this may be
different from
the speaker's attitude).
We can identify the
tone
of
the poem by noting the author's
use of
poetic devices such as
diction
,
rhythm
and
syntax
（基调）即作者对于<
/p>
诗歌主体的观点态度，通常可以通过诗歌的措辞，节奏及句法来确定。
theme
- The statement the
poem/poet makes about its subject.
(
Theme
for poetry
has a slightly different meaning than
theme for a work of
fiction
).
主题
diction
- the poet's choice
of words. The poet chooses each word carefully so
that
both its
meaning and
sound contribute to
the
tone
and feeling of
the poem.
The
poet must consider a word's:
措辞
4
o
o
denotation - its definition according
to the dictionary
本义
connotation - the emotions, thoughts
and ideas associated with and evoked by
the word.
引申义
Some
words
are
neutral,
but
can
have
negative
or
positive
connotations.
For
example, the word
island
is neutral. When it
refers to a vacation on a Greek
island
,
the word
has positive connotations. When it
describes being shipwrecked on an
island
, the word has
negative connotations. Also, words associated with
smell can
be
either
positive
or
negative.
For
example,
is
positive,
while
is
negative.
Here is an example of some
neutral words and their positive and
negative connotations:
Neutral
island
smell
teenager
house
Positive
vacation
scent
young
citizen
home
Negative
shipwrecked
odor
delinquent
dump
syntax
-
the
organization
of
words,
phrases
and
clauses,
i.e.
the
word
order.
Finding the right syntax for a poem is
like finding the right light before you take a
photograph.
If
the
order
of
the
words
is
the
emotional,
psychological,
and/or
spiritual impact of the words will be lost. After
reading the example below
you will
（句法）
Syntax
examples
husband.
fourteen.
thirty-five
years
(William Carlos Williams).
5
imagery
- words and phrases
used specifically to help the reader to imagine
each of the senses: smell, touch,
sight, hearing, and
taste.
（意象）
Each
of these types of imagery has a specific name:
o
o
o
o
o
o
olfactory
imagery stimulates the sense of smell.
（嗅觉）
tactile
imagery stimulates the sense of touch.
（触觉）
visual
imagery stimulates the sense of sight.
（视觉）
auditory
imagery stimulates the sense of hearing.
（听觉）
gustatory
imagery stimulates the sense of taste.
（味觉）
kinesthesia
is imagery
that
recreates a
feeling of physical action or
natural
bodily function (like a pulse, a
heartbeat, or breathing).
（动觉）
o
synaesthesia is imagery that involves
the use of one sense to evoke another
(Ex:
loud
color;
warm
gesture).
（移觉）亦称通感或连觉
Examples of two types of
imagery:
o
visual imagery
-
From
load the cherry branches
and
color some bushes
yellow and some red...
(William
Carlos Williams)
o
auditory
imagery -
From
ou hear the grating roar
Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,
At their
return, up the high strand,
Begin, and cease, and then again begin,
With
tremulous cadence slow, and bring
The eternal note of sadness in.
(Matthew
Arnold)
figures of speech
- poetic devices in which two images or objects
are compared
to make language
interesting and meaningful. The poet uses common
expressions
in
original
and
creative
ways
to
compare
objects
and
makes
the
poem
more
interesting and meaningful.
修辞手法
6
Examples of figures of
speech:
o
o
o
o
o
o
simile
明喻
metaphor
暗喻
personification
拟人
anthropomorphi
sm
拟人
synecdoche
提喻法
metonymy
转喻
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
allusion
暗示
symbolism
象征
verbal irony
反语
overstatement
夸张
understatement
含蓄陈述
paradox
矛盾法
oxymoron
矛盾修辞法
simile
- a comparison that
uses the words
like
or
as
, or a verb like
seems
or
appears
to draw
two objects or images into a relationship.
Example 1:
Your eyes are
as
blue as the sky.
Y
ou eat
like
a bird.
Example 2:
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up like a raisin in the
sun?
Or fester like a sore-
And then run?
Does it stink
like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar
over-
like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
(Langston Hughes)
Hughes uses five different similes in
this poem.
He compares unfulfilled
dreams
to a raisin, a sore, rotten
meat, a syrupy sweet, and a heavy load.
Through these
similes,
Hughes paints a picture of a dream that is cast
aside, and lies rotting and
decaying.
metaphor
- functions the
same way simile does, except that the comparison
is more
implied and the words like or
as are omitted. The verb to be is used.
暗喻
Example 1:
Your cheeks are red cherries.
7
Here, the author does not mean that
your cheeks are actually red cherries. Instead,
the metaphor simply conveys that your
cheeks are the color of cherries: flushes,
bright and red.
Example 2:
Fame is a fickle food
Upon a
shifting plate
Whose table once a
Guest but not
The second
time is set.
Whose crumbs the crows
inspect
And with ironic caw
Flap past it to the Famer's
Corn
—
Men eat of
it and die.
(Emily
Dickinson)
In this example, Dickinson's
entire poem is a metaphor about fame. She compares
fame to a food that is given to a man
only once, and causes death. Unlike the first
example, she uses all nine lines of the
poem to expand her metaphor.
personification
- a type of
metaphor that gives living qualities to inanimate
objects
or abstract ideas; or human
qualities (feelings, thoughts) to animals.
It gives
non-living things
and animals the ability to think, feel emotions,
or have human
relationships.
拟人法
Example 1:
The moon smiles. Fires rage.
The
wind vexes the lake and the waves crash angrily.
Example 2:
(by James Stephens)
The
wind stood up, and gave a shout;
He whistled on his fingers, and
Kicked the withered leaves about,
And
thumped the branches with his hand,
And
said he'd kill, and kill, and kill;
And so he will!
And so he
will!
8
Stephens' poem personifies the wind as
a cruel, abusive man.
Though he never
says directly that the wind is a man,
it is apparent through his word choice, and the
actions that he attributes to the wind
(standing, shouting, whistling, speaking, etc).
o
anthropomorphism
- a kind of
personification that gives human attributes to
something
not
human,
such
as
parts
of
nature,
abstract
ideas,
or,
in
particular,
deities.
拟人（通常是将自然或尤其是神这样的抽象概念拟人化）
Example 1:
Referring to
the Earth as a maternal figure:
Referring to a ship as a female:
Example 2:
From
He kindly stopped for me--
The Carriage held but just Ourselves--
And
Immortality.
(Emily Dickinson)
By using anthropomorphism, Dickinson
makes Death and Immortality seem like
people.
Dickinson gives
human attributes and actions to Death, a non-human
thing.
She creates the
image of Death driving a carriage and kindly
stopping by to
pick her up and take her
with him.
She also makes Immortality
seem human by
introducing him as
another passenger in the carriage.
o
synecdoche
- a
form of metaphor where one part stands for the
whole,
or the whole is substituted for
one part. In other words, we speak of something by
naming only a part of it.
Examples:
wheels = car
hands = sailors
hand = person
The flowers are blossoming in
the smiling year.
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