影像学 中英文名词解释

医学影像学名词解释

Accessory

lobe:

additional

pleura

extending

into

the

pulmonary

segments,

forming

additional

pulmonary

lobe.

The

most

commonly

seen

are

azygos

lobe

in

the

inner

zone

superior

to

the

right

hilum,

and

inferior

accessory

lobe

in the inner zone of inferior lobe.

Air bronchogram sign :

Because the air in the alveoli is replaced by

exudates,

while

the

air

in

the

bronchus

is

not

displaced

and

remain

patent.

This produces contrast between the air in the bronchial tree and the

surrounding airless parenchyma.

Ankylosis

of

joint:

bony

or

fibrous

tissues

connect

the

articular

surface.

In

plain

film,

it

is

characterized

by

a

narrowed

articular

space.

Whether

the trabeculae pass through the articular space distinguishes bony or

fibrous ankylosis.

Artificial contrast

:Those organs or spaces lack of natural contrast

，

can be renderde to be visible by means of contrast agents to create an

artificial contrast.

Bone destruction

: localized absence of normal bone tissue and replaced

by

pathological

tissues.

Both

the

cortical

and

spongy

bone

are

destructed

because of either the absorption of bone tissues or the activation of

osteoclasts by the pathological tissue. In plain film, it appears to be

a decrease in bone density locally, absence of normal bone tissue, and

probably worm-eaten or sievelike cortical bone.

Cavity:

formed as a result of the expulsion of necrotic tissues through

bronchus.

It

can

be

devided

into

worm-eaten,

thin-walled,

and

thick-walled cavities. often seen in TB, pulmonary abscess, and lung

cancer.

Codman

’ triangle:

Codman’ triangle is due to direct erosion of the

already formed periosteal new bone by fast growing tumor.

Colles’

fracture

:

The

fracture

line

is

within

2-3cm

from

the

articular

end

of

the

radius,

the

distal

fragment

is

displaced

dorsally

and

radially

and is often associated

with fracture of

the styloid process

of the ulna

and separation of the radioulnar joint.

CTR:

the

ratio

between

maximal

transverse

diameter

of

the

heart:

summation

of

maximal

diameter

from

left

and

right

margin

of

the

heart

respectively

to

the

mid

line,

and

maximal

width

of

the

thorax:

a

horizontal

line

passing

through the right diaphragmatic apex between inner edges of the thorax.

maximum in adults:

Degeneration of joint:

degenerated and necrotic articular cartilage,

replaced

by

fibrous

tissues

gradually.

When

the

bony

surface

is

involved,

it can cause hyperostosis of the bone, which leads to rough articular

surface, formation of osteophyte, and ossification of ligament. It is

often seen in weight-bearing or frequently used joints.

Destruction of bone

: Bone tissue elimination caused by sclerotin partly

substituted

with

pathologic

organism.

Roentgenologically,it

shows

osteolytic bone areas of decreased density and loss of bone structures.

Double contour:

On PA film, the right border of an enlarged left atrium

may produce an extra shadow superimposed on the right cardiac border,

giving a double contour.

Early

gastric

cancer

:

Early

gastric

cancer

is

define

as

carcinoma

limited

to

the

mucosa

and

submucosa

regardless

of

the

presence

or

absence

of

lymph

node involvement.

Epiphyseal fracture:

occurs in children’s long bone, for the epiphysis

has not linked with metaphysic, so they may separate when there is an

external force acting. In plain film, the epiphysis and metaphysis are

not in the normal

place, or

the

epiphyseal plate is

broader than normal.

The fracture line does not exist.

Filling

Defect:

Filling

defect

is

caused

by

a

space

occuping

mass

producing defect on the barium

.

Fracture

: a complete/ incomplete break in the continuity of a bone or a

cartilage.

Incomplete

fractures

include

crack

~

and

greenstick

~.

Complete

fractures

include

transverse,

oblique,

vertical,

spiral,

fragmented, impacted, compression , and avulsion ~.

Greenstick

Fracture

:Greenstick

fracture

occur

almost

exclusively

during

infancy

and

childhood.

It

is

not

easy

for

external

force

to

cause

the

bone

cortex complete break because of its pliant, so this kind of fracture

showed

buckling

of

the

cortex

without

fracture

lines

or

a

transver

fracture occur in the

cortex,

extending into the

midport of the bone and

then

orienting

along

the

longitudinal

axis

of

the

bone

without

disrupting

the opposite cortex.

Hilar dance

: under fluorescence, there will be an obviously enhanced

pulsation

of

the

hilar

arteries

in

pulmonary

hypertension,

seen

in

congenital heart diseases with left-to- right shunt.

Hyperostosis osteoscleroses:

osteosclerosis is abnormal hardening or

increased density of bone on radiographs

Intrapulmonary

air

containing

space:

pathological

distension

of

physiological space in the lung. It appears to be a round translucency

with

a

smooth

wall

about

1mm

in

X-rays.

such

as

bullae

and

air

containing

bronchial cysts.

Inverted S curve sign:

PA film, atelectasis of the right superior lobe,

elevated

horizontal

fissure,

hilar

mass, central

bronchogenic

carcinoma

in the right superior lobe

Kerley

line:

pulmonary

interstitial

edema,

formed

due

to

thickening

interalveolar

septa

in

different

area.

A:

stretching

form

the

outer

zone

to the hilum obliquely,

seen in acute LHF; B:

in the costophrenic

angle,

2-3cm

long,

stretches

horizontally,

seen

in

MS

and

chronic

LHF;

C:

in

the

inferior field, netlike, seen in severe pulmonary venous hypertension.

Kidney

Autonephretomy

:The

caseous

lesion

of

renal

tuberculosis

can

produce

calcification,

and

even

result

in

calcification

of

entire

kidney

called autonephritomy

Lung

markings:

consisting

of

pulmonary

a.,v.,

bronchi,

and

lymph

tissues.

In

plain

film,

it

appears

to

be

branch

like

shadow

radiating

outward

from

the hilum and disappear with a gradual reduction in size.

Niche:

On profile, this unchanging collection of barium will project

outside the confines of the stomach.

Osteomalacia:

Osteomalacia

is

a

group

of

disorders

resulting

from

inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and

spongy

byne.

The

radiographic

changes

are

characterized

by

general

marked

decrease of bone density, thick cortex, the normal outline of the bone

is blurred.

Osteonecrosis:

Osteonecrosis

occurs

when metabolism

of bone cells

cease

forever

from

local

ischemia

bone.

The

chief

characteristic

that

is

responsible

for

the

radiographic

definition

of

dead

bone

is

its

apparent

increase in density.

Osteoporosis

:

refers

to

a

decrease

in

normal

bone

tissue

per

unit

volume,

in which mineral and organic matters decrease in proportion, leaving a

qualitatively

normal

but

quantitatively

deficient

bone

tissue.

The

deficient

bone

becomes

more

fragile

and

more

vulnerable

to

fractures.

In

plain film, it appears to be a decrease in bone density generally, thin

and sparse trabeculae, wide intertrabecular space, and a thinner and

stratiform cortical bone. It often occurs in the elderly, menopause in

women,

and

other

circumstances

such

as

tumor,

infection,

endocrine

disorders, etc.

Osteosclerosis and Hyperostosis

: refers to an increase in normal bone

tissue per unit volume. In plain film, it appears to be an increase in

bone

density

generally,

with

thickened

cortex

and

trabeculae.

The

medullary

space

is

narrowed

or

even

vanished,

and

sometimes

the

cortical

bone

and

spongy

bone

cannot

be

distinguished.

It

is

usually

seen

in

tumor,

inflammation, and trauma.

Pancoast’s tumor:

peripheral bronchogenic carcinoma in the apex. can

infiltrate

into

neighboring

vertebrae

and

ribs,

involves

cervical

sympathetic nerve and

cause Horner’s syndrome.

Periosteal reaction

: when the periosteum is irritated pathologically,

osteoblasts

in

the

inner

layer

will

be

activated

and

produce

sub- periosteal new bone. In plain film, it appears to be a high density

shadow

parallel

to

the

cortex,

with

various

patterns

as

linear,

luminar,

or lacelike. It usually indicates a destruction or injury of the bone.

Pleural

indentation:

V-shaped

or

cordlike,

dense

shadow

between

the

mass

and

pleura,

contraction

of

scar

tissue

in

tumor,

adenocarcinoma,

bronchioalveolar carcinoma

Primary complex:

a combination of primary pulmonary tuberculous focus,

hilar

tuberculous

lymphangitis

and

lymphadenitis.

fomrs

a

typical

dumbbell-like X-ray image.

Primary complex tuberculosis;

The combination of the primary pulmonary

tuberculous

focus,

lymphangitis

and

intrathoracic

lymphadenitis

is

known

as the primary complex tuberculosis. It occurs chiefly in children.

Schmorl’s

nodule:

Prolapse

of

the

nucleus

pulposus

through

the

vertebral

body

endplate

into

the

spongiosa

of

the

vertebra,

accompanied

by

responsive hyperostosis.

Stirlin sign:

There is a lack of barium retention in a diseased segment

of ileum and caecum but with a column of barium remains on either side

of the affected area. This phemonenon may result from spasm, organic

constracture of a combination of both. It is suggestive of tuberculosis

of intestine.

Subpleural

line:

thickened

adjacent

interlobular

septa

connects

together,

dermatasclerosis, asbestosis

The

third

pathologic

arch:

It

may

form

a

separate

arch

between

the

pulmonary

segment

and

the

left

ventricle

,due

to

enlargement

of

the

atrial

appendage. It is called the third pathologic arch.

Tree-budded sign:

bronchiolus, diffuse panbronchiolitis, bronchogenic dissemination

流空效应：

由于信号的采集需要一定的时间，

快速流动的血液不产生或只产生极

低的信号，与周围组织、结构间形成良好的对比，这种现象叫流空效应。

驰豫时间：静态磁场中，质子从高能态恢复到低能态所需要的时间。

像素

pixel

：

扫描所得的数据经计算而获得每个体素的

X

线衰减系数或称 吸收系

数，

再排列成矩阵，

其中每个数 字经数字、

模拟转换器转换为黑到白的不同灰度

的小方块，称< /p>

~

体素

vox el

：

CT

图像处理时将选定的层面分 成若干个体积相等的小方块，称

~

数 字减影血管造影

DSA

：

digiti al substraction angiography

利用计算机处理数字影像信息，

将两幅图重叠，

消除血管周围组 织影，

使血管显

像清晰的成像技术。

DSA

is

a

procedure,,using

computer

techonolgy

to

process substracts

two

pictures

to

allow

for

visualization

of

blood

vessels

without

interference

from surrounding structure.

自然对比：

根据人体组织密度即比重的高低，

< br>人体组织可概括分为骨骼、

软组织

（包括液体）