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英美文学史期末复习笔记
英国
美国
1.
伊丽莎白时期的文学
1.
殖民地时期文学
2.17
世纪和
18
世纪的文
学
2.
浪漫主义文学
3.
浪漫主义时期
3.
现实主义文学
4.
维多利亚时期
4.
自然主义文学
5.20
世纪的小说与诗歌
5.20
世纪
20
年代的诗歌与小说
6.
二战后的诗歌
6.
二战后的诗歌与小说
7.
二战后的小说
7.
美国戏剧梳理
8.
少数族裔文学
tion of epic
An epic is a
long narrative poem.
ey
Chaucer(1340-1400)
杰弗里。乔叟
the father of English
poetry(literature)
英国文学之父
the heroic couplet
英雄双韵体：
a verse unit
consisting of two
rhymed(
押韵
)lines in
iambic
pentameter(
五步抑扬格
)AA BB CC DD
EE
代表作
:The Canterbury Tales
坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）
文艺复兴时期
The
Renaissance(1500-1660)
definition of
Renaissance
Renaissance first rose in Italy in the
14th century and came to a flowering in the
15th
and
then
in
the
16th
century
it
spread
to
other
countries,
notably
France
and
thence
to Germany and England and Spain and the other
countries.
核心：
humanism
：
admire human beauty and
human achievement.
文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔
m Shakespeare(1564-1616)
He
is actor, playwright;totally 37 plays
Four great tragedies:Hamlet
(
哈姆雷特
)
Othello(
奥赛罗
)
King
Lear(
李尔王
)
Macbeth(
麦克白
)
Four great comedies:The Merchant of
Venice
《威尼斯商人》
A Midsummer
Night
’
s Dream
《仲夏夜之梦》
As You Like It
《皆大欢喜》
Twelfth night
《第十二夜》
Ben Johson
dedicated a poem in praise of
him:
“?
Soul of
the was not of an
age, but for all
time
”
.
(
十四行诗）
Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14
rhyming lines of equal length:
iambic(
抑扬
格的
)
pentameters
（五步格诗）
in
English.
The
English
sonnet
(also
called
the
Shakespearen sonnet after its foremost
practitinoner) comprises three quatrains
(
四行
诗
)and a final
couplet
（对句）
，
rhymi
ng ababcdcdefef. An important variant of this is
the
Spenserian
sonnet
(introduced
by
Elizabethan
poet
Edmund
Spenser
),
which
links the three quatrains by rhyme, in
the sequence ababbabccdcdee. In either form,
the turn comes with the final couplet,
which may sometimes achieve the neatness of
an epigram.
ysical
poetry(
玄学派诗歌）
The term
“
metaphysical
poetry
”
is
commonly used to name the work of the 17th
century
writers
who
wrote
under
the
influence
of
John
ysical
poets
tried to break away from the
conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love
poetry. The
name given to a diverse
group of 17th-century English poets whose work is
notable
for
its
ingenious
(
精致的
)use
of
intellectual
and
theological
concepts
in
surprising
conceits
(
幻
想
),
strange
paradoxes,
and
far-reaching
imagery,
argumentative
abruptness
of
rhythm
and
tone
distinguishes
his
style
from
the
conventions
of
Elizabethan love lyrics. T.S Eliot and
others revived their reputation, stressing their
quality
of
wit,
in
the
sense
of
intellectual
strenuousness
and
flexibility
rather
than
smart humor.
Its
main
features
:
?
the
diction
is
simple
?
The
imagery
is
drawn
from
the
actual
life
?
The form is
frequently that of an argument with the
poet
’
s beloved, with God,
or with himself.
Donne(1572-1631)
View
of
poetry:
A
blend
of
emotion
and
intellectual
ingenuity,
characterized
by
conceit or
The most striking
feature of Donne
’
s poetry is
its
tang of reality
, in the
sense that it
seems to reflect life in
a real rather than a poetical world.
Special features:
Conceits;wit;imagery;dramatic and conversational
style.
代表作：
the
flea
《跳蚤》
s
Bacon(1561-1626)
He is the precursor of
materialism
英国唯物主义的始祖
（马克思和恩格斯
语）
；
also
the
founder of modern
science
；
the first British
essayist.
作品：
Essays
《随笔》
(
of studies
is the most famous one of them)
Milton
Defense for the English
People
为英国人辩护
;blank verse
素体诗
作品：
Paradise
Lost
失乐园
Paradise
Regained
复乐园
18
世纪的启蒙主义文学
definition of enlightenment
A
general term applied to the movement of
intellectual liberation that develop in
Western
Europe
from
the
late
17th
Century
to
the
late
18th
century.(the
period
is
often called the Age of
Reason), especially in France and Switzerland.
The
enlightenment
culminated(
使达到顶峰
)
with
the
writings
of
Jeans-Jacques
Rousseau and the Encyclopedia
（
百科全书）
, the philosophy of I
mmanuel(
以马内利，
基督的别称
) Kant, and the political ideas of the American
and French Revolutions
while the
forerunners in science and philosophy included
Bacon, Descartes, Newton,
and Locke.
Its central idea was the need and the capacity of
human reason to clear
away ancient
superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustice.
Literary features:
?
Classicism
:
As
a
critical
term,
classicism
is
a
body
of
doctrine
thought
to
be
derived
from
or
to
reflect
the
qualities
of
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
culture,
particularly in
literature,
philosophy, art, or criticism
.
Classicism stands for certain
definite
ideas
and
attitudes,
mainly
drawn
from
the
critical
utterances
of
the
Greek and
Romans
or developed through an
imitation of ancient art and literature.
?
Neoclassicism
:it
emphasized the classical artistic ideals of order,
logic, proportion,
restrained emotion,
accuracy, good taste and decorum.
?
Sentimentalism
came
into
being
as
the
result
of
a
bitter
discontent
among
the
enlightened people with
social reality.
4
Pre-
romanticism
: In the latter half of the
18th century, a new literary movement
arose
in
Europe,
called
the
Romantic
Revival.
It
was
marked
by
a
strong
protest
against
the
bondage
of
Classicism,
by
a
recognition
of
the
claims
of
passion
and
emotion, and by a renewed interest in
medieval literature. In England this movement
showed
itself
in
the
trend
of
Pre-romanticism.
Gothic
novel
is
its
most
manifest
expression.
Locke(1632-1704)
one of the most influential
of Enlightenment thinkers considered one of the
first
of the British
empiricists
经验主义者
, following
the tradition of Francis Bacon; best
known for his satirical verse and for
his translation of
Homer
《荷马史诗》
;He is the
third
most
frequently
quoted
writer
in
The
Oxford
Dictionary
of
Quotations,
after
Shakespeare and
Tennyson.
Defoe(1661-1731)
代表作：
The Adventures
of
Robinson
Crusoe
(
英国文学史第一部小说
)
Moll Flanders
《摩尔
.
佛兰德斯》
Robinson
Crusoe
celebrates
the
18th-century
Western
civilization
’
s
material
triumphs and the
strength of human rational will to conquer the
natural environment.
Robinson,
apparently,
is
cast
as
a
typical
18th-century
middle-class
tradesman,
the
very
prototype
of
the
empire
builder,
the
pioneer
hero
is
practical,
diligent,
shrewd,
courageous
and
intelligent
to
overcome
all
kinds
of
obstacles.
In
another sense, Robinson is Everyman
struggling to master nature.
This novel is
the representative of the English bourgeoisie at
the earlier stages of
its development.
an Swift(1667-1745)
乔纳森
.
斯威夫特
作品：
Gulliver
’
s
Travels
《格列佛游记》
A Tale of a Tub
《木桶的故事》
The Battle of Books
《书战》
A Modest Proposal
《一个小小的建议》
His writing features :
Swift
defines a good style as
“
proper words in proper
places
”
.
His
language
is
always
precise,
simple,
clear,
vigorous
as
well
as
economical
and
is also a master satirist.
Fielding(1707-1754)
The father of
modern fiction(
现代小说之父
)
代表作：
《约瑟夫·安德鲁》
Joseph Andrews
《汤姆·琼斯》
Tom Jones
Goldsmith
’
s(1730-1774)
代表作：
The Vicar of
Wakefield
威克菲尔德的牧师
The Deserted Village
荒村
浪漫主义时期
English
Romanticism(1798-1830)
definition of
Romanticism
It is generally said to have began in
1798 with the publication of Wordsworth &
Coleridge
’
s
Lyrical
Ballads
《抒情歌谣集》
and to have ended in 1832 with Sir
Walter
Scott
’
s
death and the passage of the first Reform
Bill
《改革法案》
in the
Parliament.
English Romanticism is a
revolt of the English imagination against the
neoclassical
reason. The French
Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English
Industrial Revolution
exert
great influence on English Romanticism.
Romanticists show in their works their
profound
dissatisfaction
with the social
reality and their deep
hatred
for any political
tyranny, economic exploitation and any
form of oppression, feudal or
bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they
revol
t against
reason, rules, regulation, objectivity,
common senses, etc. and
emphasize the
value
of
feelings,
intuition,
freedom,
nature,
subjectivism,
individuality,
originality,
imagination, etc.
schools
of Romanticism
?
The lake
poets
湖畔派诗人（
escapist romantic
ists
）
：
William
Wordsworth
华兹华
斯
,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
柯勒律治
and Robert
Southey
骚塞
.
They three were known as Lake Poets
because they lived and knew one another
in
the
last
few
years
of
the
18th
century
in
the
district
of
the
great
lakes
in
Northwestern England.
?
The Satanic
school
撒旦派（
active
romanticists):Byron, Shelly, and Keats.
m Blake(1757-1827)
十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家
作品：
Songs of
Experience
《经验之歌》
Songs of
Innocence
《天真之歌》
The Marriage of Heaven and
Hell
《天堂与地狱的婚姻》
The
Chimney Sweeper
《扫烟囱的孩子》
The
Lamb
《羊羔》
Burns
（
1759-1796
）
< br>（苏格兰著名农民诗人
）
作品：
“
A Red, Red
Rose
”
《红红的玫瑰》
m Wordsworth(1770-1850)
He
focused
on
the
nature,
children,
the
poor,
common
people,
in
his
poem,
he
aimed at
simplicity and purity of the language, so he used
ordinary words to express
his personal
feelings.
1843
年获得桂冠诗人
(Laureate)
称号
代表作：
The
Daffodils
《水仙花》
The
Solitary Reaper
《孤独的收割者》