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第一章
语言学入门知识：
I.
名词解释
1
．
cultural
transmission (as a defining property of language)
Answer:
While
human
capacity
for
language
has
a
genetic
basis,
the
details of any language
system are not genetically transmitted, but
instead
have to be taught and learned.
An English speaker and a Chinese speaker
are
both
able
to
use
a
language,
but
they
are
not
mutually
intelligible.
This
shows that language
is
culturally
transmitted.
It
is passed
on from
one generation to the next through
teaching and learning, rather than by
instinct. In contrast, animal call
systems are genetically transmitted. They
are
born
with
the
capacity
to
produce
the
set
of
calls
peculiar
to
their
species.
2
．
descriptive linguistics vs.
prescriptive linguistics
Answer: A
linguistic study is descriptive if it describes
and analyses facts
observed;
it
is
prescriptive
if
it
tries
to
lay
down
rules
for
behavior.
Linguistic
studies
before
the
204
century
are
largely
prescriptive whereas
modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.
II.
判断正误（
T for True and F for
False
）
1.
When
language
is
used
to
get
information,
it
serves
an
informative
function.
Answer: F (It serves an interrogative
function).
2
．
Most
animal
communication
systems
lack
the
primary
level
of
articulation.
Answer: F (The
primary units in these systems cannot be further
divided
into elements. So what they
lack is the secondary level of articulation.)
3
．
Descriptive linguistics are concerned
with how languages work, not
with how
they can be improved.
Answer: T
III.
填空题
1
．
By saying that
connection between meaning and _______.
Answer: sounds
2
．
The
distinction
between
langue
and
parole
is
made
by
the
Swiss
linguist
E
de
Saussure.
The
distinction
between
competence
and
performance is made by the American
linguist__________.
Answer: Noam
Chomsky
3
．
An approach to linguistic study which
attempts to lay down rules of
correctness as to how language should
be used is _______.
Answer:
prescriptive
IV.
选择题
1
．
Unlike animal
communication system, human language is ______.
A. stimulus free
B. stimulus bound
C. under
immediate stimulus control
D. stimulated by some occurrence of
communal interest
Answer
：
A
2. ____ has been widely accepted as the
forefather of modem linguistics.
a.
Chomsky b. Saussure c. Bloomfield d. John Lyon
Answer: b
V.
问答题
l. Is
language productive or not? Why?
Answer:
Firstly,
Language
is
productive
or
creative.
This
means
that
language
users
can
understand
and
produce
sentences
they
have
never
heard
before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human
language. Most
animal communication
systems have a limited repertoire, which is
rapidly
exhausted, making any novelty
impossible. Thirdly,
The productivity
or
creativity
of
human
language
originates
from
its
duality.
Because
of
duality, the speaker can combine the
basic
linguistic
units to
form
an
infinite
set
of sentences.
The
productivity
of
language
also
means
its
potential
to
create
endless
sentences.
This
is
made possible by the
recursive nature of language.
2.
Comment on the following statement: “In
linguistics, ?language? only
means what
a person says or said in a given situation”.
Answer: This statement is
incorrect. In linguistics,
layers
of
meaning:
firstly,
the
whole
of
a
person?s
language,
e.g.
Shakespeare?s language;
secondly, a particular variety or level of speech
or writing, e.g. scientific language,
literary language, colloquial language;
thirdly,
an
abstract
system
underlying
the
totality
of
the
speech/writing
behavior
of
a
community,
e.g.
the
English
language,
the
Chinese
language;
lastly,
there
is
an
even
more
abstract
sense
of
referring to the common
features of all human languages that distinguish
them from animal communication systems
or any artificial language.
3.
Point
out
three
ways
in
which
linguistics
differs
from
traditional
grammar.
Answer:
Firstly,
most
linguistic
analyses
today
focus
on
speech
rather
than
writing.
Secondly,
modem
linguistics
is
mostly
descriptive
while
traditional grammar is
largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference
is
the
priority
of
synchronic
description
over
the
traditional
diachronic
studies.
4. What is the major difference between
Saussure' s distinction between
langue
and
parole
and
Chomsky's
distinction
between
competence
and
performance?
Answer:
Saussure?s
langue
is
social
product,
a
set
of
conventions
for
a
speech
community.
Chomsky
regards
competence
as
a
property
of
the
mind
of
each
individual.
Saussure
studies
language
more
from
a
sociological
point
of
view
while
Chomsky
studies
it
more
from
a
psychological point of
view.
第二章
语音学和音位学
I.
名词解释
1
．
narrow
transcription
Answer:
There
are
two
ways
to
transcribe
speech
sounds.
One
is
the
“broad
transcription”
----the
transcription
with
letter-symbols
only,
and
the other is “narrow
transcription”
---the transcription with
letter-symbols
accompanied
by
the
diacritics
which
can
help
bring
out
the
finer
distinctions than the
letters alone may possibly do.
2.
Illustrate the term “allophone” with at
least one appropriate example.
Answer:
Allophones
are
the
different
members
of
a
phoneme,
sounds
which are phonetically different but do
not make one word different from
another
in
meaning.
For
example,
in
English,
the
phoneme
/l/
is
pronounced differently in
raising the front of the tongue to the
hard palate, while the vocal cords are
vibrating; the second /l/ is made with
the same tongue position as the first,
but the vocal cords are not vibrating;
and the third /l/ is made by raising
not only the front by also the back of
the tongue while the vocal cords are
vibrating.
II
判断正误（
T for True and F for
False
）
1. /o/ is
a mid-high front rounded vowel.
Answer:
F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)
2.
A
phoneme
in
one
language
or
one
dialect
may
be
an
allophone
in
another language or dialect.
Answer: T.
III.
填空题：
1.
The
three
cavities
in
the
articulatory
apparatus
are
_____,
_______,
and _____.
Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the
oral cavity
2. By the position of the
____ part of the tongue, vowels and classified as
front vowels, central vowels and back
vowels.
Answer: highest.
3.
____refers to the change of a sound as a result of
the influence of an
adjacent sound.
Answer: Assimilation.
4.
You
are
required
to
fill
in
the
blanks
below
abiding
by
the
instance
given beforehand.
Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop
/s/: ________________
/g/:_______________
/t
?
/:______________
/t/: _______________
/f /:
_______________
Answer:
/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative
/g/: voiced velar stop
/t
?
/: voiceless
alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate
/
t /: voiced dental fricative
/f /:
voiceless labiodental fricative
5.
Which of the following words would be treated as
minimal pairs and
minimal sets?
pat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat,
ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote,
bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit,
eat, man
Answer:
pat, fat;
pat, pit; pit, hit;
pen, ten; ten, men;
heat, eat; heat, heel;
tape,
tale;
bun, ban;
chain, main;
bell, bet;
meal, heel;
man, men, main.
IV.
选择题
1. All syllables contain a(n) _______.
a. nucleus
b. coda
c. onset
Answer: a
2. _____is one of the supersegmental
features.
a. Stop
b. Voicing
c. Deletion
d. Tone
Answer: d
3. Which of the
following consonants does not exist in English?
a. dental stop
b. bilabial
stop
c. alveolar stop
d.
velar stop
Answer: a
4.
_____is not an English consonant.
a.
Labiodental plosive
b. Alveolar nasal
c. Velar stop
d. Dental
fricative
Answer: a
V.
辨音选择
1.
What
are
the
distinctive
features
that
group
the
following
sounds
in
these sets?
1)
/f, v ,s/
2) /p, f, b/
3)
/g, z, b/
4) /k, g, w/
5)
/m, n,
?
/
Answer:
1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar
5) nasal
2. There is one
segment that does not belong to the natural class
in each
of
the
following
groups
of
speech
sounds.
You
are
required
to
identify
that
segment
and
label
the
natural
class,
using
a
descriptive
term
as