建筑规范及翻译

General Planning Considerations

The selection of a high-rise building structure is not based merely on understanding

the structure in its own contest. The selection may be more function of factors related

to cultural, social, economical and technological needs. One should keep in mind that

structure is just one important consideration among many. Some of the factors related

primarily to the technological planning of high-rise buildings are discussed next.

The architect is usually obliged to respond to the purpose of many building types: to

make

money.

As

he

forms

a

better

understanding

of

the

economic

aspects

of

the

design process, he may improve his chance of creating better architecture.

The

important

point

to

realize

is

that

a

building

system

should

not

just

be

a

preconceived

preference;

tater,

it

should

incorporate

careful

considerations

of

economic factors. Thus two or more different methods of construction may hold up a

particular building and may even look very similar, but one system

usually is more

economical to build.

A designer must

think not

only

about

how much the project

costs to

build but

also

about how much the finished project costs to operate; he has to deal with the building

economy. As the height of the building increases, more and more space is needed for

structure, mechanical systems, and elevators, leaving less rental space. In addition, the

costs of elevators and mechanical systems increase with height. The same reasoning

applies

to

contractor

costs,

since

more

sophisticated

construction

equipment

is

necessary as buildings get taller. However, all these cost increases may be offset by

the high land costs and the need for the building at a specific location. As the building

height

increases,

the

land

costs

per

square

foot

of

floor

area

obviously

decrease.

Similarly, management costs are reduced, since it costs less per square foot to operate

one large building than several small structures.

Accurate

evaluation

of

all

the

complex

economic

considerations

for

high-rise

buildings

has

come

to

depend

on

the

computer.

It

is

beyond

human

calculation

to

decipher all the factors along with all the ramifications of each factor concerned with

the skyscrapers of today.

The coordination of architect, engineer and contractor during a project

’

s planning and

drawing stage will improve the potential of achieving an economical solution. Such

team

efforts

may

allow

building

construction

to

start

before

all

final

drawings

are

completed.

When

construction

begins

earlier,

buildings

save

money

on

inflating

construction prices and earn profits sooner.

The performance of a building is dependent on the strength of the soil on which it is

founded.

The

foundation

or

substructure

binds

the

superstructure

to

the

soil.

It

receives its loads and distributes them so that the soil is capable of carrying them. The

selection of the building type is very much a function of the geology of the site. The

soil conditions must be explored before any structural system can be decided on, so

that its behavior can be predicted. If, for instance, the bearing capacity of the soil is

rather

low

at

a

specific

site,

piles

or

caissons

may

be

required

to

reach

the

proper

foundation

support.

In

this

type

of

situation

a

building

of

heavy

materials

such

as

concrete

may

be

much

more

expensive

than

lightweight

steel

construction.

In

any

case, the three building structure variables superstructure, substructure, and soil-leave

some combinational freedom with respect to choice of that structural system.

The

planning

of

fabrication

and

erection

procedures

may

indicate

important

factors

concerning

structural

system

selection.

Indeed,

these

may

be

the

governing

considerations when choosing a prefabricated construction method. Such systems are

used because they may reduce labor costs and time required for erection of buildings.

There should be a minimum number of structural pieces to shorten construction time;

complicated

closed-form

shapes

should

be

avoided,

and

field

welding

should

be

minimized. Thus, before choosing a construction method, the fabrication and erection

procedures must be known.

Mechanical systems, consisting of HV

AC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning),

elevator, electric, plumbing, and waste disposal systems, average more than one-third

of total

high-rise building costs. This

significant

cost

factor exemplifies clearly that

the structural system selection must respond to these building services. Energy supply

systems may be concentrated in mechanical cores integrated with a general core area,

sometimes

separate

duct

spaces

are

provided

in

the

exterior

fa?

ade,

or

interspatial

systems

with

mechanical

levels

for

heavy

service

requirements

are

used.

All

these

approaches

have

definite

effects

on

the

overall

building

appearance

and

economic

selection of a structural system.

Building Code

A building code is a statute, in the form of detailed regulations that has been enacted

by

a

municipality

or

other

government

entity

to

ensure

that

all

the

buildings

constructed

within

its

jurisdiction

meet

certain

minimum

standards

of

health

and

safety.

The

building

code

has

its

legal

justification

in

the

inherent

power

of

any

government to protect its citizens from any harm likely to come to them because of

unhealthy or unsafe conditions.

Building codes, therefore, are concerned with such things as structural adequacy, the

quality and strength of the materials used, sound workmanship, the correct installation

of approved electrical wiring and equipment, the correct installation of approved gas-,

coal-, or oil-heating equipment and their piping, the correct installation of approved

sanitary plumbing fixtures and their piping, the fire resistance of the materials used,

and the existence of fire exits.

In

most

municipalities,

the

plans

for

all

new

construction

must

be

approved

by

officials

of

the

buildings

department

before

construction

begins,

and

these

same

officials

must

have

access

to

the

property

at

all

times

and

be

able

to

inspect

all

equipment,

materials,

and

workmanship

before

the

building

is

approved

for

occupancy. If the equipment, workmanship, or materials do not meet the standards of

the

building

code,

these

officials

have

the

authority

to

order

that

the

necessary

changes be made before they issue a certificate of occupancy, as it is called.

Once a building has been approved and occupied, if the owner should thereafter want

to make a basic alteration in the electrical, heating, or plumbing systems, or a basic