篮球规则英文版

RULES OF BASKETBALL

The

rules of basketball

are the rules and regulations that govern the play, officiating,

equipment

and

procedures

of

basketball.

Most

leagues,

including

the

National

Basketball Association, govern their own rules. In addition, the Technical Commission

of

the

International

Basketball

Federation

(FIBA)

determines

rules

for

international

play.

Original Rules

James

Naismith

published

in

1891,

his

rules

for

the

game

of

Ball

that

he

invented:

[1]

The original game played under these rules was quite different than the one

played today as there was no dribbling, dunking, or three pointers.

1.

The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.

2.

The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.

3.

A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on

which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when

running at a good speed if he tries to stop.

4.

The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be

used for holding it.

5.

No shouldering, holding, striking, pushing, or tripping in any way of an opponent.

The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second

shall disqualify him until the next basket is made or, if there was evident intent to

injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.

6.

A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of rules three and four and

such described in rule five

7.

If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the

opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a

foul).

8.

A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the

basket

and stays there

(without falling), providing

those defending

the

goal do

not

touch

or

disturb

the

goal.

If

the

ball

rests

on

the

edges,

and

the

opponent

moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.

9.

When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play and

played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it

straight

into

the

field.

The

thrower-in

is

allowed

five

seconds.

If

he

holds

it

longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the

umpire shall call a foul on that side.

10.

T

he umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the

referee

when

three

consecutive

fouls

have

been

made.

He

shall

have power to

disqualify people according to Rule 5.

11.

T

he referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in

bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a

goal has been made and keep account of the baskets, with any other duties that

are usually performed by a scorekeeper.

12.

T

he time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.

13.

T

he side making the most points in that time is declared the winner.

Players, substitutes, teams and teammates

Naismith's original rules did not specify how many players were to be on the court. In

1900, five players became standard, and players that were substituted were not allowed

to

re-enter

the

game.

Players

were

allowed

to

re-enter

a

game

once

from

1921,

and

twice

from

1934;

such

restrictions

on

substitutions

were

abolished

in

1945

when

substitutions became

unlimited.

Coaching

was

originally

prohibited

during the

game,

but from 1949, coaches were allowed to address players during a time-out.

Originally a player was disqualified on his second foul. This limit became four fouls in

1911 and five fouls in 1945, still the case in most forms of basketball where the normal

length

of

the

game

(before

any

overtime

periods)

is

40

minutes.

When

the

normal

length is 48 minutes (this is the case with the

National Basketball Association in the

United States and the National Basketball League in Australia, among others) a player

is accordingly disqualified on his sixth foul.

Shot clock and time limits

See also: Defensive three-second violation

The first time restriction on possession of the ball was introduced in 1933, where teams

were

required

to

advance

the

ball

over

the

center

line

within

ten

seconds

of

gaining

possession. This rule remained until 2000, when FIBA reduced the requirement to eight

seconds,

the

NBA

following

suit

in

2001.

The

NCAA

retains

the

10-second

rule

for

men's

play,

but

has

never

adopted

a

time

limit

for

women's

play.

U.S.

high

schools,

whose rules are drafted by NFHS, also use the 10-second rule for both sexes.

In

1936

the

three-second

rule

was

introduced.

This

rule

prohibits

offensive

players

from remaining near their opponents' basket for longer than three seconds (the precise

restricted

area

is

also

known

as

the

lane

or

the

key

).

A

game

central

to

this

rule's

introduction was that between the

University of Kentucky and New York University.

Kentucky coach Adolph Rupp did not take one of his referees with him, despite being

warned of discrepancies

in officiating

between

the

midwest

and

east by

Notre

Dame

coach George Keogan, and the game became especially rough. Because of this game

and others, 6'5

m) Kentucky All American center Leroy Edwards is generally

recognized as the player responsible for the 3 second rule.

While the rule was originally adopted to reduce roughness in the area between big men,

it

is

now

considered

to

prevent

tall

offensive

players

from

gaining

an

advantage

by

waiting close to the basket. When the NBA started to allow

zone defense in 2001, a

three-second rule for defensive players was also introduced.

The shot clock was first introduced by the NBA in 1954, to increase the speed of play.

Teams were then required to attempt a shot within 24 seconds of gaining possession,

and

the

shot

clock

would

be

reset

when

the

ball

touched

the

basket's

rim

or

the

backboard, or the opponents gained possession. FIBA adopted a 30-second shot clock

two

years

later,

resetting

the

clock

when

a

shot

was

attempted.

Women's

basketball

adopted

a

30-second

clock

in

1971.

The

NCAA

adopted

a

45-second

shot

clock

for

men

while

continuing

with

the

30-second

clock

for

women

in

1985.

The

men's

shot

clock

was

then

reduced

to

35

seconds

in

1993.

FIBA

reduced

the

shot

clock

to

24

seconds in 2000, and changed the clock's resetting to when the ball touched the rim of

the basket. Originally, a missed shot where the shot clock expired while the ball is in

the air constituted a violation. In 2003 the rule was changed so that the ball remains live

in this situation, as long as it touched the rim. If the ball touches the rim and slightly

bounces over the basketball hoop it will be called as a loose ball.

Fouls, free throws and violations

Dribbling was not part of the original game, but was introduced in 1901. At the time, a

player could only bounce the ball once, and could not shoot after he had dribbled. The

definition of dribbling became the

more than one bounce, and a player who had dribbled was then allowed to shoot.

Running with the ball ceased to be considered a foul in 1922, and became a violation,

meaning that the only penalty was loss of possession. Striking the ball with the fist has

also become a violation. From 1931, if a closely guarded player withheld the ball from

play for five seconds, play was stopped and resumed with a jump ball; such a situation