-
Artisans and Industrialization
1.
核心词汇总结
steady
稳定的，不变的
intense
强烈的，紧张的
alternate
交替，轮流
manufacturing
制造业
impart
给予，
传授
apprentice
学徒
journeyman
学徒
capitalist
资本家
give way to
让位于
credit
贷款
stimulate
刺激
shift
变化，
转变
accustomed to
习惯于
artisan
工匠
supervise
监督
finished
精湛的
elegant
高雅的
regimented
严格管制的
constant
持续的
discard
丢弃
alert
警觉的
dependable
可靠的
self
-
disciplined
自律的
obedience
服从
carpenter
木匠
momentum
动力
depression
萧条
collapse
衰弱
spearhead
带头
agitation
鼓动
resent
愤恨
2.
长难句总结
(1)
After 1815
this older form of
manufacturing began
to give way to factories with machinery
tended by unskilled or semiskilled
laborers.
(2)
Apprentices
were
considered
part
of
the
family,
and
masters
were responsible
not
only
for
teaching
their
apprentices
a
trade
but
also
for
providing
them
some
education
and
for
supervising their moral behavior.
(3)
With the loss of personal freedom also
came the loss of standing in the community.
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(4)
Unlike artisan workshops in which
apprentices worked closely with the masters
supervising
them, factories sharply
separated workers from management.
(5)
Few workers rose through the ranks to
supervisory positions, and even fewer could
achieve
the artisan's dream of setting
up one's own business.
(6)
Workers were
united in resenting the industrial system and
their loss of status, but they were
divided by ethnic and racial
antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious
perspectives, occupational
differences,
political party loyalties, and disagreements over
tactics.
P1:
introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 &
after 1815
Before 1815
manufacturing(
制造业
) in the
United States had been done in homes or shops by
skilled
artisans.
As
master
craft
workers,
they
imparted(
给予，传授
)
the
knowledge
of
their
trades
to
apprentices(
学徒
)
and
journeymen(
学徒
).
In
addition,
women
often
worked
in
their
homes part
-
time,
making finished articles from raw material
supplied by merchant
capitalists(
资
本家
).
After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began
to give way to(
让位于
)
factories with
machinery tended by
unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap
transportation networks, the rise of
cities, and the availability of capital
and credit(
贷款
) all
stimulated(
刺激
) the
shift(
变化，
转变
) to
factory production.
P2: ways of manufacturing
before 1815
The creation of
a labor force that was accustomed
to(
习惯于
) working in factories
did not occur
easily.
Before
the
rise
of
the
factory,
artisans(
工匠
)
had
worked
within
the
home.
Apprentices
were
considered
part
of
the
family,
and
masters
were
responsible
not
only
for
teaching
their
apprentices a trade
but also for providing them some education and for
supervising(
监督
) their
moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if
they perfected their skill, they could become
respected
master
artisans
with
their
own
shops.
Also,
skilled
artisans
did
not
work
by
the
clock,
at
a
steady(
稳定的，不变的
)
pace,
but
rather
in
bursts
of
intense(
强烈的，紧张的
)
labor
alternating(
交替，轮流
) with more leisurely
time.
P3: ways
of manufacturing after 1815
The factory changed that. Goods
produced by factories were not as
finished(
精湛的
) or elegant
(
高雅的
)as those
done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way
to the pressure to increase
rates of
productivity. The new methods of doing business
involved a new and stricter sense of
time. Factory life necessitated a more
regimented(
严格管制的
) schedule,
where work began at
the sound of a bell
and workers kept machines going at a
constant(
持续的
) pace. At the
same
time,
workers were
required
to
discard(
丢弃
)
old
habits,
for
industrialism
demanded
a
worker
who
was
alert(
警觉的
),
dependable(
可靠地
),
and
self
-
< br>disciplined(
自律的
).
Absenteeism
and
lateness hurt productivity and, since
work was specialized, disrupted the regular
factory routine.
Industrialization
not
only
produced
a
fundamental
change
in
the
way
work
was
organized;
it
transformed the very nature of
work.
P4:
workers were hard to accustomed to new
system
The
first
generation
to
experience
these
changes
did
not
adopt
the
new
attitudes
easily.
The
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factory
clock
became
the
symbol
of
the
new
work
rules.
One
mill
worker
who
finally
quit
complained revealingly about
服从
) to the
ding
-
dong of the
bell
-
just as though we
are so many living
machines.
the community. Unlike artisan
workshops in which apprentices worked closely with
the masters
supervising
them,
factories
sharply
separated
workers
from
management.
Few
workers
rose
through the ranks to supervisory
positions, and even fewer could achieve the
artisan's dream of
setting up one's own
business. Even well
-
paid
workers sensed their decline in status.
P5: workers organized to
protect their rights and traditional ways of
life
In this newly emerging
economic order, workers sometimes organized to
protect their rights and
traditional
ways
of
life.
Craft
workers
such
as
carpenters(
木匠
),
printers,
and
tailors
formed
unions,
and
in
1834
individual
unions
came
together
in
the
National
Trades'
Union.
The
labor
movement gathered some
momentum(
动力
) in the decade
before the Panic of 1837, but in the
depression(
萧条
)
that followed, labor's strength
collapsed(
衰弱
). During hard
times, few workers
were
willing
to
strike*
or
engage
in
collective
action.
And
skilled
craft
workers,
who
spea
rheaded(
带头
)the union
movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond
with semiskilled
factory workers and
unskilled laborers. More than a decade of
agitation(
鼓动
) did finally
bring a
workday shortened to 10 hours
to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts
also recognized
workers' right to
strike, but these gains had little immediate
impact.
P6:
workers were divided
Workers
were united in resenting(
愤恨
)
the industrial system and their loss of status,
but they
were divided by ethnic and
racial
antagonisms(
敌意
),
gender, conflicting religious perspectives,
occupational differences, political
party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.
For them, the
factory
and
industrialism
were
not
agents
of
opportunity
but
reminders
of
their
loss
of
independence and a measure of control
over their lives. As United States society became
more
specialized
and
differentiated,
greater
extremes
of
wealth
began
to
appear.
And
as
the
new
markets
created
fortunes
for
the
few,
the
factory
system
lowered
the
wages
of
workers
by
dividing labor into smaller, less
skilled tasks.
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing
in the United States had been done in homes or
shops
by
skilled
artisans.
As
master
craft
workers,
they
imparted
the
knowledge
of
their
trades
to
apprentices and journeymen. In
addition, women often worked in their homes
part
-
time, making
finished articles from raw material
supplied by merchant capitalists.
After
1815 this older form of
manufacturing
began to give way to factories with machinery
tended by unskilled or semiskilled
laborers
(1). Cheap
transportation networks, the rise of cities, and
the availability of capital and
credit
all stimulated the shift to factory
production.
1.
Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about
articles manufactured
before
1815?
推断题
○They were
primarily produced by women.
○They were generally produced in shops
rather than in homes.
○They
were produced with more concern for quality than
for speed of production.
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