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托福TPO阅读41原文+答案

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-01-30 10:46
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2021年1月30日发(作者:standout)




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Navajo Art





The Navajo, a Native American people living in the southwestern United





States, live in small scattered settlements. In many respects, such as





education, occupation, and leisure activities, their life is like that of other





groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in





the twenty-first century. At the same time, they have retained some traditional





cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example,





the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large





floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled





streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen,





and flowers in precise patterns on the ground. The largest of these paintings





may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room.





Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his





assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials





through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. The paintings and





chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers





who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. The





twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.





These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the





performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days.





The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining





one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho


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