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Crafts in the Ancient Near East

Some of the earliest human civilizations arose insouthern Mesopotamia, in

what is now southern Iraq,in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half

ofthe millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk,there was an enormous

escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A largepart of that

increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded

bya set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously

unreliable,scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves

from the agriculturalproduction of the field surrounding the city, which could

be reached with a daily k

’

s dominant size in the entire region,

far surpassing that of other settlements, indicatesthat it was a regional center

and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.

一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四 千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南

伊拉克。在后五百年，在乌鲁克城 南方附近，被永久居留民占用的地域在大幅度增长。大部分

的增长都发生在乌鲁克城内，

使其成为了一个真正的中心诚区，

并被一些后续的定居点环绕着 。

虽然人口估计数通常是不可靠的，但学者们认为乌鲁克居民可以通过日常与周围地区的 通勤，

得到周围地区产的农业产品以自给自足。但乌鲁克在整个地区最大，远远超过了其 它居民点，

这说明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。事实上，它是人类历史上的 第一个城市。

The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even

those peopleliving within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban

society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks as a result of the city

’

s

role as a regional center. Within the productivesector, there was a growth of a

variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, theuse of

undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass