-
老托福阅读理解原文、
真题及答
案
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
此版本已将
98
、
99
年答案补上
,
请放心使用
请大家点击
w
ord
文档中的显示
/
隐藏按钮进行显
示
/
隐藏答案，或者使用快捷键
ctr
l+shift+8
。
1995.10
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
1
9
1995.12
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
3
2
1996.01
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
4
5
1996.05
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
5
8
1996.08
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
7
1
1996.10
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
8
3
1996.12
.
< br>............................................... ...............................
9
5
1997.01
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
06
1997.05
.
< br>............................................... ............................. 119
1997.08
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
31
1997.10
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
42
1997.12
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
54
1998.01
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
65
1998.05
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
76
1998.08
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
87
1998.10
.
< br>............................................... .............................
1
99
1999.01
.
< br>............................................... ............................. 211
1999.05
.
< br>............................................... .............................
2
24
1999.08
.
< br>............................................... .............................
2
35
2
<
/p>
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真
题及答案
3
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
2005.05
.
< br>............................................... .............................
5
10
2005.08
.
< br>............................................... .............................
5
24
4
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
1995.08
Question
1-9
Investigation of the Deep-Ocean
Keywords: ocean, researchers,
techniques, samples, rocks
The ocean
bottom
–
a region nearly 2.5
times greater than the total land area of the
Earth
–
is
a vast
frontier that even today is largely unexplored and
uncharted. Until about a century ago,
the
deep
–
ocean
floor
was
completely
inaccessible,
hidden
beneath
waters
averaging
over
3,6000
meters
deep.
Totally
without
light
and
subjected
to
intense
pressures
hundreds
of
times
greater than at the Earth's surface, the deep
–
ocean bottom is a hostile
environment to
humans, in some ways as
forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.
Although
researchers
have
taken
samples
of
deep
–
ocean
rocks
and
sediments
for
over
a
century,
the first detailed global investigation of the
ocean bottom did not actually start until
1968,
with
the
beginning
of
the
National
Science
Foundation's
Deep
Sea
Drilling
Project
(DSDP). Using
techniques first developed for the offshore oil
and gas industry, the DSDP's drill
ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able
to maintain a steady position on the ocean's
surface and
drill in very deep waters,
extracting samples of sediments and rock from the
ocean floor.
The Glomar Challenger completed 96
voyages in a 15
–
year
research program that ended in
November
1983.
During
this
time,
the
vessel
logged
600,000
kilometers
and
took
almost
20,000 core samples of seabed sediments
and rocks at 624 drilling sites around the world.
The
Glomar
Challenger's
core
samples
have
allowed
geologists
to
reconstruct
what
the
planet
looked like
hundreds of
millions of years ago
and to
calculate what it will probably look
like
millions of years in the future.
Today, largely on the strength of evidence
gathered during the
Glomar Challenger's
voyages, nearly all earth scientists agree on the
theories of plate tectonics
and
continental drift that explain many of the
geological processes that shape the Earth.
The
cores
of
sediment
drilled
by
the
Glomar
Challenger
have
also
yielded
information
critical to
understanding the world's past climates. Deep
–
ocean sediments provide a
climatic
record
stretching
back
hundreds
of
millions
of
years,
because
they
are
largely
isolated
from
the
mechanical
erosion
and
the
intense
chemical
and
biological
activity
that
rapidly
destroy
much
land
–
based
evidence
of
past
climates.
This
record
has
already
provided
insights
into
the
patterns
and
causes
of
past
climatic
change
–
information
that
may
be
used
to
predict
future climates.
1. The
author refers to the ocean bottom as a
(A) is not a popular area for
scientific research
(B) contains a wide
variety of life forms
(C) attracts
courageous explorers
(D) is an unknown
territory
2. The word
(A) unrecognizable
(B)
unreachable
(C) unusable
5
<
/p>
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真
题及答案
(D) unsafe
6
老托
福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
< br>
3. The author mentions
“
outer
space
”
in line 5 because
(A) the Earth's climate
millions of years ago was similar to conditions in
outer space
(B) it is similar to the
ocean floor in being alien to the human
environment
(C) rock formations in
outer space are similar to those found on the
ocean floor
(D)
techniques
used
by
scientists
to
explore
outer
space
were
similar
to
those
used
in
ocean
exploration
4. Which of the
following is true of the Glomar Challenger?
(A) It is a type of submarine.
(B) It is an ongoing project.
(C) It has gone on over 100 voyages.
(D) It made its first DSDP voyage in
1968.
5. The word
(A) breaking
(B) locating
(C) removing
(D) analyzing
6. The Deep Sea Drilling Project was
significant because it was
(A) an attempt to find new sources of
oil and gas
(B) the first extensive
exploration of the ocean bottom
(C)
composed of geologists from all over the world
(D) funded entirely by the gas and oil
industry
7. The word
(A) basis
(B) purpose
(C) discovery
(D) endurance
8. The word
(A)
years
(B) climates
(C)
sediments
(D) cores
9. Which
of the following is NOT
mentioned
in the passage as being
a
result of the
Deep Sea
Drilling Project?
(A)
Geologists
were
able
to
determine
the
Earth's
appearance
hundreds
of
millions
of
years
ago.
(B)
Two geological theories became more widely
accepted by scientists.
(C) Information
was revealed about the Earth's past climatic
changes.
(D) Geologists observed forms
of marine life never before seen.
7
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
Questions 10-21
Basic
to
any
understanding
of
Canada
in
20
years
after
the
Second
World
War
is
the
country's
impressive
population
growth.
For
every
three
Canadians
in
1945,
there
were
over
five in
1996. In September 1966 Canada's population passed
the 20 million mark. Most of this
surging growth came from natural
increase. The depression of the 1930's and the war
had held
back
marriages
and
the
catching
–
up
process
began
after
1945.
The
baby
boom
continued
through the decade
of the 1950's, producing a population increase of
nearly fifteen percent in
the five
years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had
been exceeded only once before in
Canada's history, in the decade before
1911, when the prairies were being settled.
Undoubtedly,
the
good
economic
conditions
of
the
1950's
supported
a
growth
in
the
population,
but
the
expansion also derived
from a trend toward earlier marriages and an
increase in the average
size of
families. In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at
28 per thousand, one of the highest in
the world.
After
the
peak
year
of
1957,
the
birth
rate
in
Canada
began
to
decline.
It
continued
falling
until in 1966 it stood at the lowest
level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected
the low level of
births
during
the
depression
and
the
war,
but
it
was
also
caused
by
changes
in
Canadian
society.
Young
people
were
staying
at
school
longer,
more
women
were
working,
young
married
couples
were
buying
automobiles
or
houses
before
starting
families,
rising
living
standards
were
cutting
down
the
size
of
families.
It
appeared
that
Canada
was
once
more
falling
in
step
with
the
trend
toward
smaller
families
that
had
occurred
all
through
the
Western world since the time of the
Industrial Revolution.
Although
the
growth
in
Canada's
population
has
slowed
down
by
1966
(the
increase
in
the
first half of the 1960's was only nine
percent). Another large population wave was coming
over
the horizon. It would be composed
of the children who were born during the period of
the high
birth rate prior to 1957.
10. What does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) Educational changes in
Canadian society.
(B) Canada during the
Second World War
(C) Population trends
in postwar Canada
(D) Standards of
living in Canada
11. According to the
passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?
(A) In the decade after 1911
(B) After 1945
(C) During
the depression of the 1930's
(D) In
1966
12. The word
(A) Canadians
(B) Years
(C) Decades
(D) Marriages
13. The word
8
<
/p>
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真
题及答案
(A) new
(B) extra
(C) accelerating
(D)
surprising
9
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
14. The author suggests that in Canada
during the 1950's
(A) the
urban population decreased rapidly
(B)
fewer people married
(C) economic
conditions were poor
(D) the birth rate
was very high
15. The word
(A) tendency
(B) aim
(C) growth
(D) directive
16. The word
(A)
pointed
(B) dismal
(C)
mountain
(D) maximum
17.
When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest
postwar level?
(A) 1966
(B)
1957
(C) 1956
(D) 1951
18. The
author
mentions all of the following as causes
of declines in population growth
after
1957 EXCEPT
(A)
people being better educated
(B) people
getting married earlier
(C) better
standards of living
(D) couples buying
houses
19. It can be inferred from the
passage that before the industrial Revolution
(A) families were larger
(B) population statistic were
unreliable
(C) the population grew
steadily
(D) economic conditions were
bad
20. The word
(A) horizon
(B) population
wave
(C) nine percent
(D)
first half
21. The phrase
(A) behind
(B) Since
(C) During
(D) Preceding
10
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
Questions 22-30
Organic
Foods
Keywords: food, consumers,
health, vitamins, eggs
Are
organically
grown
foods
the
best
food
choices?
The
advantages
claimed
for
such
foods
over conventionally grown and marketed
food products
are now being debated.
Advocates of
organic foods
–
a term whose meaning
varies greatly
–
frequently
proclaim that such products
are safer
and more nutritious than others.
The growing interest of
consumers in the safety and more nutritional
quality of the typical
North
American
diet
is
a
welcome
development.
However,
much
of
this
interest
has
been
sparked by sweeping claims that the
food supply is unsafe or inadequate in meeting
nutritional
needs.
Although
most
of
these
claims
are
not
supported
by
scientific
evidence,
the
preponderance
of
written
material
advancing
such
claims
makes
it
difficult
for
the
general
public to separate fact from fiction.
As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting
entirely of
organically
grown
foods
prevents
or
cures
disease
or
provides
other
benefits
to
health
have
become widely publicized and form the
basis for folklore.
Almost daily the public is besieged by
claims for
new vitamins, and other
wonder foods. There are numerous
unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are
superior
to
synthetic
ones,
that
fertilized
eggs
are
nutritionally
superior
to
unfertilized
eggs,
that
untreated grains are
better than fumigated grains and the like.
One thing that
most
organically grown food products
seem to have in common
is
that they
cost more than
conventionally grown foods. But in
many cases
consumers are
misled
if they
believe
organic
foods
can
maintain
health
and
provide
better
nutritional
quality
than
conventionally grown foods. So there is
real cause for concern if consumers, particularly
those
with limited incomes, distrust
the regular food and buy only expensive organic
foods instead.
22. The world
(A) Proponents
(B) Merchants
(C) Inspectors
(D) Consumers
23. In line 4, the word
(A) advantages
(B) advocates
(C) organic foods
(D)
products
24. The
(A) interest in food safety
and nutritional quality of the typical North
American diet
(B) the nutritional
quality of the typical North American diet
(C) the amount of healthy food grown in
North America
(D) the number of
consumers in North America
11
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
25.
According
to
the
first
paragraph,
which
of
the
following
is
true
about
the
term
foods
(A) It is
accepted by most nutritionists.
(B) It
has been used only in recent years.
(C)
It has no fixed meaning.
(D) It is
seldom used by consumers.
26. The word
(A) unbelievable
(B) uncontested
(C)
unpopular
(D) unverified
27.
The word
(A) improve
(B) monitor
(C) preserve
(D) restore
28. The author
implies that there is cause for concern if
consumers with limited incomes buy
organic foods instead of conventionally
grown foods because
(A)
organic
foods
can
be
more
expensive
but
are
often
no
better
than
conventionally
grown
foods
(B) many organic foods
are actually less nutritious than similar
conventionally grown foods
(C)
conventionally grown foods are more readily
available than organic foods
(D) too
many farmers will stop using conventional methods
to grow food crops.
29. According to
the last paragraph, consumers who believe that
organic foods are better than
conventionally grown foods are often
(A) careless
(B)
mistaken
(C) thrifty
(D)
wealthy
30. What is the author's
attitude toward the claims made by advocates of
health foods?
(A) Very enthusiastic
(B) Somewhat favorable
(C)
Neutral
(D) Skeptical
Questions 31-40
There
are
many
theories
about
the
beginning
of
drama
in
ancient
Greece.
The
one
most
widely
accepted
today
is
based
on
the
assumption
that
drama
evolved
from
ritual.
The
argument
for
this
view
goes
as
follows.
In
the
beginning,
human
beings
viewed
the
natural
forces
of
the
world,
even
the
seasonal
changes,
as
unpredictable,
and
they
sought
through
various means, to
control these unknown and feared powers. Those
measures which appeared
to
bring
the
desired
results
were
then
retained
and
repeated
until
they
hardened
into
fixed
12
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
rituals. Eventually
stories
arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of
the rites. As time
passed
some
rituals
were
abandoned,
but
the
stories,
later
called
myths,
persisted
and
provided material for
art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved
out of ritual also argue that those rites
contained the
seed
of
theater
because
music,
dance,
masks,
and
costumes
were
almost
always
used.
Furthermore,
a
suitable
site
had
to
be
provided
for
performances,
and
when
the
entire
community
did
not
participate,
a
clear
division
was
usually
made
between
the
area
and the
was attached to avoiding mistakes in
the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually
assumed
that
task.
Wearing
masks
and
costumes,
they
often
impersonated
other
people,
animals,
or
supernatural beings, and mimed the
desired effect - success in hunt or battle, the
coming rain,
the
revival
of
the
Sun
-
as
an
actor
might.
Eventually
such
dramatic
representations
were
separated from
religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater's
origin from the human interest in storytelling.
According
to
this
view,
tales
(about
the
hunt,
war,
or
other
feats)
are
gradually
elaborated,
at
first
through
the
use
of
impersonation,
action,
and
dialogue
by
a
narrator
and
then
through
the
assumption of each of the roles by a
different person. A closely related theory traces
theater to
those
dances
that
are
primarily
rhythmical
and
gymnastic
or
that
are
imitations
of
animal
movements and sounds.
31. What does the passage many discuss?
(A) The origins of theater
(B) The role of ritual in modern dance
(C) The importance of storytelling
(D) The variety of early religious
activities.
32. The word
(A) seasonal changes
(B)
natural forces
(C) theories
(D) human beings
33. What
aspect of drama does the author discuss in the
first paragraph?
(A) The reason drams
is often unpredictable
(B) The seasons
in which dramas were performed
(C) The
connection between myths and dramatic plots
(D) The importance of costumes in early
drama
34. Which of the following is NOT
mentioned as a common element of theater and
ritual?
(A) Dance
(B)
Costumes
(C) Music
(D) Magic
35. The word
(A)
thoughtful
13
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(B) substantial
(C)
relational
(D) ceremonial
14
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
36. The word
(A)
establishment
(B) performance
(C) authorization
(D) season
37. The word
(A)
mistakes
(B) costumes
(C)
animals
(D) performers
38.
According to the passage, what is the main
difference between ritual and drama?
(A) Ritual uses music whereas drama
does not.
(B) Ritual is shorter than
drama.
(C) Ritual requires fewer
performers than drama.
(D) Ritual has a
religious purpose and drama does not.
39. The passage supports which of the
following statements?
(A) No one really
knows how the theater began
(B) Myths
are no longer represented dramatically.
(C) Storytelling is an important part
of dance
(D) Dramatic activities
require the use of costumes.
40. Where
in the passage does the author discuss the
separation of the stage and the audience?
(A) Lines 4-6
(B) Lines 6-7
(C) Lines 11-12
(D) Lines
15-17
Questions 41-50
Staggering tasks confronted the people
of the united States, North and South, when the
Civil
war
ended.
About
a
million
and
a
half
soldiers
from
both
sides
had
to
be
demobilized,
readjusted to
civilian life,
and
reabsorbed by
the
devastated
economy.
Civil government
also
had to be put back on a peacetime basis
and interference from the military had to be
stopped.
The
desperate
plight
of
the
South
has
eclipsed
the
fact
that
reconstruction
had
to
be
undertaken
also in the North, though less spectacularly.
Industries had to adjust to peacetime
conditions, factories had to be
retooled for civilian needs.
Financial
problems
loomed
large
in
both
the
North
and
the
South.
The
national
debt
had
shot up from a modest $$65 million in
1861, the year the ear started to nearly $$3
billion in 1865,
the
year
the
war
ended.
This
was
a
colossal
sum
for
those
days
but
one
that
a
prudent
government
could
pay.
At
the
same
time,
war
taxes
had
to
be
reduced
to
less
burdensome
levels.
Physical
devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in
the South and border
states, had
to be repaired. This herculean task was
ultimately completed, but with discouraging
slowness.
15
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
Other important
questions needed answering. What would be the
future of the four million
black
people
who
were
freed
from
slavery?
On
what
basis
were
the
Southern
states
to
be
brought
back into the Union?
What of the Southern leaders,
all of whom
were liable to
charges
of treason? One of these
leaders,
Jefferson
Davis,
President
of
the
Southern
Confederacy,
was
the
subject
of
an
insulting popular
Northern song,
sang it. Davis was
temporarily chained in his prison cell during the
early days of his two-year
imprisonment. But he and the other
Southern leaders were finally released, partly
because it
was unlikely that a jury
from Virginia, a Southern Confederate state, would
convict
them. All
the
leaders
were
finally
pardoned
by
President
Johnson
in
1868
in
an
effort
to
help
reconstruction efforts proceed with as
little bitterness as possible.
41. What
does the passage mainly discuss?
(A)
Wartime expenditures
(B) Problems
facing the United States after the war
(C) Methods of repairing the damage
caused by the war
(D) The results of
government efforts to revive the economy
42. The word
(A)
specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming
43. The word
(A)
developing
(B) ruined
(C)
complicated
(D) fragile
44.
According to the passage, which of the following
statements about the damage in the South
is correct?
(A) It was worse
than in the North.
(B) The cost was
less than expected
(C) It was centered
in the border states.
(D) It was
remedied rather quickly.
45. The
passage refers to all of the following as
necessary steps following the Civil War EXCEPT
(A) helping soldiers
readjust
(B) restructuring industry
(C) returning government to normal
(D) increasing taxes
46. The
word
(A) raising the tax
level
(B) sensible financial choices
(C) worse decisions about former slaves
16
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(D) reconstruction of damaged areas
17
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
47. Why does the author mention a
popular song in lines 17?
(A) To give
attitude towards the South
(B) To
illustrate the Northern love of music
(C) To emphasize the cultural
differences between the North and the South
(D) To compare the Northern and
Southern presidents
48. Which of the
following can be inferred from the phrase
from Virginia . a Southern Confederate
state ,would convict them
(A) Virginians
felt betrayed by Jefferson Davis
(B) A
popular song insulted Virginians
(C) Virginians were loyal to their
leaders
(D) All of the Virginia
military leaders had been put in chains.
49. The word
(A)
charges
(B) leaders
(C) days
(D) irons
50. It can be
inferred from the passage that President Johnson
pardoned the Southern leaders
in order
to
(A) raise money for the
North
(B) repair the physical damage in
the South
(C) prevent Northern leaders
from punishing more Southerners
(D)
help the nation recover from the war
18
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
1995.10
Questions 1-13
Atmospheric pressure can support a
column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants
can
move
water
much
higher,
the
sequoia
tree
can
pump
water
to
its
very
top,
more
than
100
meters above the ground. Until the end
of the nineteenth century, the movement of water
in
trees
and
other
tall
plants
was
a
mystery.
Some
botanists
hypothesized
that the living
cells of plants acted as pumps, But many
experiments
demonstrated
hat
the
stems
of
plants
in
which
all
the
cells
are
killed
can
still
move
water
to
appreciable
heights.
Other
explanations
for
the
movement
of
water
in
plants
have been based on
root pressure, a push on the water from the roots
at the bottom of the plant.
But
root
pressure
is
not
nearly
great
enough
to
push
water
to
the
tops
of
tall
trees.
Furthermore,
the
conifers,
which
are
among
the
tallest
trees,
have
unusually
low
root
pressures.
If water is not pumped to
the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to
the top of a tall tree,
then we may
ask, How does it get there? According to the
currently accepted cohesion-tension
theory, water is pulled there. The pull
on a rising column of water in a plant results
from the
evaporation of water at the
top of the plant. As water is lost from the
surface of the leaves, a
negative
pressure,
or
tension,
is
created.
The
evaporated
water
is
replaced
by
water
moving
from
inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend
from the top of a plant to its roots. The
same
forces
that
create
surface
tension
in
any
sample
of
water
are
responsible
for
the
maintenance
of
these
unbroken
columns
of
water.
When
water
is
confined
in
tubes
of
very
small
bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction
between water molecules) are so great that
the
strength
of
a
column
of
water
compares
with
the
strength
of
a
steel
wire
of
the
same
diameter.
This
cohesive
strength
permits
columns
of
water
to
be
pulled
to
great
heights
without being broken.
1. How
many theories does the author mention?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
2. The passage answers which of the
following questions?
(A) What is the
effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?
(B) When do dead cells harm plant
growth?
(C) How does water get to the
tops of trees?
(D) Why is root pressure
weak
19
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
3. The word
(A)
ignored
(B) showed
(C)
disguised
(D) distinguished
4. What do the experiments mentioned in
lines 4-6 prove?
(A) Plant stems die
when deprived of water
(B) Cells in
plant stems do not pump water
(C)
Plants cannot move water to high altitudes
(D) Plant cells regulate pressure
within stems
20
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
5. How do botanists know that root
pressure is not the only force that moves water in
plants?
(A) Some very tall trees have
weak root pressure.
(B) Root pressures
decrease in winter.
(C) Plants can live
after their roots die.
(D) Water in a
plant's roots is not connected to water in its
stem.
6. Which of the following
statements does the passage support?
(A) Water is pushed to the tops of
trees.
(B) Botanists have proven that
living cells act as pumps.
(C)
Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of
tall trees.
(D) Botanists have changed
their theories of how water moves in plants.
7. The word
(A)
top
(B) tree
(C) water
(D) cohesion-tension theory.
8. The word
(A)
treetops
(B) roots
(C) water
columns
(D) tubes
9. What
causes the tension that draws water up a plant?
(A) Humidity
(B) Plant
growth
(C) Root pressure
(D)
Evaporation
10. The word
(A) stretch
(B) branch
(C) increase
(D) rotate
11. According to the passage, why does
water travel through plants in unbroken columns?
(A) Root pressure moves the water very
rapidly.
(B) The attraction between
water molecules in strong.
(C) The
living cells of plants push the water molecules
together.
(D) Atmospheric pressure
supports the columns.
12. Why does the
author mention
”
steel
wire
”
in line 17?
(A) To illustrate another means of
pulling water
(B) To demonstrate why
wood is a good building material
(C) To indicate the size of a column of
water
(D) To emphasize the strength of
cohesive forces in water
21
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
13. Where in the passage does the
author give an example of a plant with low root
pressure?
(A) Lines 2-3
(B)
Lines 3-5
(C) Lines 6-7
(D)
Lines 8-9
Question 14-22
Mass
transportation
revised
the
social
and
economic
fabric
of
the
American
city
in
three
fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical
expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and
it
accelerated the inherent instability
of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied
land for
residential
expansion,
the
omnibuses,
horse
railways,
commuter
trains,
and
electric
trolleys
pulled settled regions outward two to
four times more distant from city centers than
they were
in the pre-modern era. In
1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay
scarcely two miles from
the old
business district; by the turn of the century the
radius extended ten miles. Now those
who could afford it could live far
removed from the old city center and still commute
there for
work,
shopping,
and
entertainment.
The
new
accessibility
of
land
around
the
periphery
of
almost every major city
sparked an explosion of real estate
development and fueled what we
now
know
as
urban
sprawl.
Between
1890
and
1920,
for
example,
some
250,000
new
residential lots were recorded within
the borders of Chicago, most of them located in
outlying
areas. Over the same period,
another 550,000 were plotted outside the city
limits but within
the metropolitan
area. Anxious to take advantage of the
possibilities of commuting, real estate
developers added 800,000 potential
building sites to the Chicago region in just
thirty years
–
lots that could have housed five to six
million people.
Of
course,
many
were
never
occupied;
there
was
always
a
huge
surplus
of
subdivided,
but
vacant,
land
around
Chicago
and
other
cities.
These
excesses
underscore
a
feature
of
residential
expansion
related
to
the
growth
of
mass
transportation:
urban
sprawl
was
essentially unplanned. It was carried
out by thousands of small investors who paid
little heed
to coordinated land use or
to future land users. Those who purchased and
prepared land for
residential
purposes,
particularly
land
near
or
outside
city
borders
where
transit
lines
and
middle-class inhabitants were
anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to
respond to it.
Chicago
is
a
prime
example
of
this
process.
Real
estate
subdivision
there
proceeded
much
faster than population growth.
14. With which of the following
subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) Types of mass transportation.
(B) Instability of urban life.
(C) How supply and demand determine
land use.
(D) The effects of mass
transportation on urban expansion.
15.
The author mentions all of the following as
effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT
(A) growth in city area
(B) separation of commercial and
residential districts.
(C) Changes in
life in the inner city.
(D) Increasing
standards of living.
22
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
16. The word
(A)
large
(B) basic
(C) new
(D) urban
17. The word
(A) brought about
(B) surrounded
(C) sent out
(D) followed
18. Why does
the author mention both Boston and Chicago?
(A) To demonstrate positive and
negative effects of growth.
(B) To show
that mass transit changed many cities.
(C) To exemplify cities with and
without mass transportation.
(D) To
contrast their rates of growth
19. The word
(A)
certain
(B) popular
(C)
improved
(D) possible
20.
The word
(A) people
(B) lots
(C) years
(D) developers
21. According
to the passage, what was one disadvantage of
residential expansion?
(A) It was
expensive.
(B) It happened too slowly.
(C) It was unplanned.
(D) It
created a demand for public transportation.
22. The author mentions Chicago in the
second paragraph as an example of a city
(A) that is large
(B) that is used as a model for land
development
(C) where land development
exceeded population growth
(D) with an
excellent mass transportation system.
Question 23-33
The preservation of embryos and
juveniles is rare occurrence in the fossil record.
The tiny,
delicate skeletons are
usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by
weathering before they
can
be
fossilized.
Ichthyosaurs
had
a
higher
chance
of
being
preserved
than
did
terrestrial
creatures
because,
as
marine
animals,
they
tended
to
live
in
environments
less
subject
to
erosion. Still, their fossilization
required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay
of soft tissues,
23
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
little scavenging by other animals, a
lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and
carry away
small bones, and fairly
rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have
become a treasury of
well-preserved
ichthyosaur fossils.
The
deposits
at
Holzmaden,
Germany,
present
an
interesting
case
for
analysis.
The
ichthyosaur
remains
are
found
in
black,
bituminous
marine
shales
deposited
about
190
million
years
ago.
Over
the
years,
thousands
of
specimens
of
marine
reptiles,
fish,
and
invertebrates have been recovered from
these rocks. The quality of preservation is
outstanding,
but
what
is
even
more
impressive
is
the
number
of
ichthyosaur
fossils
containing
preserved
embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have
been reported from 6 different levels of the shale
in
a small area around Holzmaden,
suggesting that a specific site was used by large
numbers of
ichthyosaurs
repeatedly
over
time.
The
embryos
are
quite
advanced
in
their
physical
development;
their
paddles,
for
example,
are
already
well
formed.
One
specimen
is
even
preserved
in
the
birth
canal.
In
addition,
the
shale
contains
the
remains
of
many
newborns
that are between 20 and 30 inches long.
Why
are
there
so
many
pregnant
females
and
young
at
Holzmaden
when
they
are
so
rare
elsewhere? The quality
of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry
operations factors do
not
account
for
the
interesting
question
of
how
there
came
to
be
such
a
concentration
of
pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular
place very close to their time of giving birth.
23. The passage supports which of the
following conclusions?
(A) Some species
of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other
species.
(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are
smaller than other newborn marine reptiles.
(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced
than terrestrial creatures.
(D)
Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to
give birth.
24. The word
(A) skeletons
(B) scavengers
(C) creatures
(D)
environments
25. All of the following
are mentioned as factors that encourage
fossilization EXCEPT the
(A) speed of burial
(B) conditions of the water
(C) rate at which soft tissues decay
(D) cause of death of the animal.
26. Which of the following is true of
the fossil deposits discussed in the passage?
(A) They include examples of newly
discovered species.
(B) They contain
large numbers of well-preserved specimens
(C) They are older than fossils found
in other places
(D) They have been
analyzed more carefully than other fossils.
27. The word
(A)
extensive
(B) surprising
24
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
(C) vertical
(D) excellent
25
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
28. The word
(A)
example
(B) location
(C)
development
(D) characteristic
29. Why does the author mention the
specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 15)?
(A) To illustrate that the embryo
fossils are quite advanced in their development
(B) To explain why the fossils are well
preserved
(C) To indicate how the
ichthyosaurs died
(D) To prove that
ichthyosaurs are marine animals.
30.
The word
(A) pregnant
females and young
(B) quarry operations
(C) the value of the fossils
(D) these factors
31. The
phrase
(A) record
(B) describe
(C) equal
(D) explain
32.
Which
of
the
following
best
expresses
the
relationship
between
the
first
and
second
paragraphs?
(A) The first paragraph describes a
place while the second paragraph describes a field
of study.
(B) The first paragraph
defines the terms that are used in the second
paragraph.
(C)
The
second
paragraph
describes
a
specific
instance
of
the
general
topic
discussed
in
the
first
paragraph.
(D) The second paragraph
presents information that contrasts with
the
information given in
the first paragraph.
33.
Where in the passage does the author mentions the
variety of fossils found at Holzmaden?
(A) Line 8
(B) Lines 9-10
(C) Lines 14-15
(D) Lines
17-19
Questions 34-41
The Lewis and Clark
expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was
the most important
official
examination
of
the
high
plains
and
the
Northwest
before
the
War
of
1812.
The
President's secretary, Captain
Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to
River, and such principal streams of it
as, by its course and communication with the
waters of
the Pacific Ocean …may offer
her most direct and practicable water
comm
unication across the
continent,
for
the
purposes
of
commerce.
Captain
William
Clark,
the
younger
brother
of
famed
George Rogers Clerk, was invited to share the
command of the exploring party.
26
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
Amid rumors
that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering
around the unknown region
and that
somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt
80 by 45 miles in extent, the two
captains
set
out.
The
date
was
May
14,
1804.
Their
point
of
departure
was
the
mouth
of
the
Wood River, just across the Mississippi
from the entrance of the Missouri River. After
toiling
up the Missouri all summer, the
group wintered near the Mandan villages in the
center of what
is now North Dakota.
Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, the
men worked their way
along
the
Missouri
to
its
source
and
then
crossed
the
mountains
of
western
Montana
and
Idaho.
Picking
up
a
tributary
of
the
Columbia
River,
they
continued
westward
until
they
reached the Pacific
Ocean, where they stayed until the following
spring.
Lewis
and
Clark
brought
back
much
new
information,
including
the
knowledge
that
the
continent
was
wider
than
originally
supposed.
More
specifically,
they
learned
a
good
deal
about
river
drainages
and
mountain
barriers.
They
ended
speculation
that
an
easy
coast-to-coast route existed via the
Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports
of the
climate, the animals and birds,
the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West
–
though not
immediately published
–
were made available to
scientists.
34. With what topic is the
passage primarily concerned?
(A) The
river systems of portions of North America.
(B) Certain geological features to the
North American continent.
(C) An
exploratory trip sponsored by the United States
government.
(D) The discovery of
natural resources in the United States.
35. According to the passage, the
primary purpose of finding a water route across
the continent
was to
(A) gain easy access to the gold and
other riches of the Northwest
(B)
become acquainted with the inhabitants of the
West.
(C) investigate the possibility
of improved farmland in the West.
(D)
facilitate the movement of commerce across the
continent
36. The river Meriwether
Lewis was instructed to explore was the
(A) Wood
(B)
Missouri
(C) Columbia
(D)
Mississippi
37. According to the
passage, the explorers spent their first winter in
what would become
(A) North
Dakota
(B) Missouri
(C)
Montana
(D) Idaho
38.
The
author
states
that
Lewis
and
Clark
studied
all
of
the
following
characteristics
of
the
explored territories
EXCEPT
(A) mineral deposits
(B) the weather
(C) animal life
27
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(D) native vegetation
28
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
39. The phrase
(A) Searching
for
(B) Following
(C) Learning about
(D)
Lifting
40. It can be inferred from the
passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark
expedition the size of
the continent
had been
(A) of little
interest
(B) underestimated
(C) known to native inhabitants of the
West
(D) unpublished but known to most
scientists
41.
Where
in
the
passage
does
the
author
refer
to
the
explorers'
failure
to
find
an
easy
passageway to the
western part of the continent?
(A)
Lines1-2
(B) Lines4-5
(C)
Lines9-11
(D) Lines12-14
Questions 42-50
For
a
century
and
a
half
the
piano
has
been
one
of
the
most
popular
solo
instruments
for
Western music. Unlike string and wind
instrument, the piano is completely self-
sufficient, as it
is
able
to
play
both
the
melody
and
its
accompanying
harmony
at
the
same
time.
For
this
reason, it became the
favorite household instrument of the nineteenth
century.
The
ancestry
of
the
piano
can
be
traced
to
the
early
keyboard
instruments
of
the
fifteenth
and
sixteenth centuries
–
the
spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the
seventeenth century
the organ, the
clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief
instruments of the keyboard
group,
a
supremacy
they
maintained
until
the
piano
supplanted
them
at
the
end
of
the
eighteenth
century.
The
clavichord's
tone
was
metallic
and
never
powerful;
nevertheless,
because
of
the
variety
of
tone
possible
to
it,
many
composers
found
the
clavichord
a
sympathetic instrument for concert use,
but the character of the tone could not be varied
save
by mechanical or structural
devices.
The
piano
was
perfected
in
the
early
eighteenth
century
by
a
harpsichord
maker
in
Italy
(though
musicologists point out several previous instances
of the instrument). This instrument
was
called
a
piano
e
forte(soft
and
loud),
to
indicate
its
dynamic
versatility;
its
strings
were
struck
by
a
recoiling
hammer
with
a
felt-
padded
head.
The
wires
were
much
heavier
in
the
earlier instruments. A series of
mechanical improvements continuing well into the
nineteenth
century, including the
introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to
soften it, the perfection of a
metal
frame
and
steel
wire
of
the
finest
quality,
finally
produced
an
instrument
capable
of
myriad
tonal
effects
from
the
most
delicate
harmonies
to
an
almost
orchestral
fullness
of
sound, from a liquid,
singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.
42. What does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) The historical development
of the piano
29
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(B) The quality of tone produced by
various keyboard instruments
(C) The
uses of keyboard instruments in various types of
compositions
(D) The popularity of the
piano with composers
43. Which of the
following instruments was widely used before the
seventeenth century?
(A) The
harpsichord
(B) The spinet
(C) The clavichord
(D) The
organ
44. The words
(A) a suggestion
(B) an
improvement
(C) a dominance
(D) a development
45. The
word
(A) supported
(B) promoted
(C) replaced
(D) dominated
46. The word
(A) variety
(B)
music
(C) harpsichord
(D)
clavichord
47. According to the
passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have?
(A) It was fragile
(B) It
lacked variety in tone.
(C) It sounded
metallic.
(D) It could not produce a
strong sound.
48. Where in the passage
does the author provide a translation?
(A) Lines 2-3
(B) Lines 8-9
(C) Lines 19-11
(D) Lines
12-14
49. According to the information
in the third paragraph, which of the following
improvements
made it possible to
lengthen the tone produced by the piano?
(A) The introduction of pedals
(B) The use of heavy wires
(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads
(D) The metal frame construction
50. The word
30
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
(A) noticeable
(B) many
(C) loud
(D) unusual
31
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
1995.12
Questions 1-10
The House of Native American Tribe
Keywords: United States, pueblos,
buildings, chambers, niches
Another
early
Native
American
tribe
in
what
is
now
the
southwestern
part
of
the
United
States
was
the
Anasazi.
By
A.
D.
800
the
Anasazi
Indians
were
constructing
multistory
pueblos-massive, stone apartment
compounds. Each one was virtually a stone town,
which is
why
the
Spanish
would
later
call
them
pueblos,
the
Spanish
word
for
towns.
These
pueblos
represent one of the
Anasazis' supreme achievements. At least a dozen
large stone houses took
shape
below
the
bluffs
of
Chiaco
Canyon
in
northwest
New
Mexico.
They
were
built
with
masonry
walls
more
than
a
meter
thick
and
adjoining
apartments
to
accommodate
dozens,
even
hundreds,
of
families.
The
largest,
later
named
Pueblo
Bonito
(Pretty
Town)
by
the
Spanish, rose in five terraced stories,
contained more than 800 rooms, and could have
housed
a population of 1,000 or more.
Besides
living
quarters,
each
pueblo
included
one
or
more
kivas-circular
underground
chambers
faced
with
stone.
They
functioned
as
sanctuaries
where
the
elders
met
to
plan
festivals,
perform
ritual
dances,
settle
pueblo
affairs,
and
impart
tribal
lore
to
the
younger
generation.
Some
kivas
were
enormous.
Of
the
30
or
so
at
pueblo
Bonito,
two
measured
20
meters across. They contained niches
for ceremonial objects, a central fire pit, and
holes in the
floor for communicating
with the spirits of tribal ancestors.
Each pueblo represented an astonishing
amount of well-organized labor. Using only stone
and wood tools, and without benefit of
wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton
upon
ton
of
sandstone
from
the
canyon
walls,
cut
it
into
small
blocks,
hauled
the
blocks
to
the
construction site, and fitted them
together with mud mortar. Roof beams of pine or
fir had to
be carried from logging
areas in the mountain forests many kilometers
away. Then, to connect
the pueblos and
to give access to the surrounding tableland, the
architects laid out a system of
public
roads with stone staircases for
ascending cliff faces. In time, the
roads reached out to
more than 80
satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius.
1. The paragraph preceding the passage
most probably discussed
(A) how pueblos
were built
(B) another Native American
tribe
(C) Anasazi crafts and weapons
(D) Pueblo village in New Mexico
2. What is the main topic of the
passage?
(A) The Anasazi pueblos
(B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico
(C) The organization of the Anasazi
tribe
(D) The use of Anasazi
sanctuaries
3. The word
32
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(A) most common
(B) most
outstanding
(C) most expensive
(D) most convenient
33
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
4. The word
(A)
houses
(B) bluffs
(C) walls
(D) families
5. The author
mentions that Pueblos bonito had more than 800
rooms as an example of which
of the
following?
(A) How overcrowded the
pueblos could be
(B) How many
ceremonial areas it contained
(C) How
much sandstone was needed to build it
(D) How big a pueblo could be
6. The word
(A)
sink
(B) decide
(C) clarify
(D) locate
7. It can be
inferred from the passage that building a pueblo
probably
(A) required many
workers
(B) cost a lot of money
(C) involved the use of farm animals
(D) relied on sophisticated technology
8. The word
(A)
arriving at
(B) carving
(C)
connecting
(D) climbing
9.
It can be inferred from the passage that in
addition to pueblos the Anasazis were skilled at
building which of following?
(A) Roads
(B) Barns
(C) Monuments
(D) Water
systems
10.
The
pueblos
are
considered
one
of
the
Anasazis'
supreme
achievements
for
all
of
the
following reasons EXCEPT
that they were
(A) very
large
(B) located in forests
(C) built with simple tools
(D) connected in a systematic way
34
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
Questions 11-21
The Music of
Films
Keywords: films, music, pianists,
orchestras, conductor
Accustomed though
we are to speaking of the films made before 1927
as
never been, in the full sense of the
word, silent. From the very beginning, music was
regarded
as
an
indispensable
accompaniment;
when
the
Lumiere
films
were
shown
at
the
first
public
film
exhibition
in
the
United
States
in
February
1896,
they
were
accompanied
by
piano
improvisations on
popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no
special relationship to the
films; an
accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.
Within a very short time, however, the
incongruity of playing lively music to a
solemn film
became
apparent,
and
film
pianists
began
to
take
some
care
in
matching
their
pieces
to
the
mood of the film. As movie theaters
grew in number and importance, a violinist, and
perhaps a
cellist, would be added to
the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger
movie theaters small
orchestras were
formed. For a number of years the selection of
music for each film program
rested
entirely
in
the
hands
of
the
conductor
or
leader
of
the
orchestra,
and
very
often
the
principal
qualification
for
holding
such
a
position
was
not
skill
or
taste
so
much
as
the
ownership
of a large personal library
of musical
pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the
films until the night before they were
to be shown (if, indeed, the conductor was lucky
enough
to see them then), the musical
arrangement as normally improvised in the greatest
hurry.
To
help
meet
this
difficulty,
film
distributing
companies
started
the
practice
of
publishing
suggestions
for
musical
accompaniments.
In
1909,
for
example,
the
Edison
Company
began
issuing with their
films such indications of mood as
became more explicit, and so emerged
the musical cue sheet containing indications of
mood,
the titles of suitable pieces of
music, and precise directions to show where one
piece led into
the next.
Certain
films
had
music
especially
composed
for
them.
The
most
famous
of
these
early
special
scores
was
that
composed
and
arranged
for
D.
W.
Griffith's
film
Birth
of
a
Nation,
which
was released in 1915.
11. The passage
mainly discusses music that was
(A) performed before the showing of a
film
(B) played during silent films
(C) specifically composed for certain
movie theaters
(D) recorded during film
exhibitions
12. What can be inferred
that the passage about the majority of films made
after 1927
(A) They were
truly
(B) They were accompanied by
symphonic orchestras.
(C) They
incorporated the sound of the actors' voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific
musical compositions.
13. The word
(A) simple
(B)
serious
35
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(C) short
(D) silent
36
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
14. It can be inferred that orchestra
conductors who worked in movie theaters needed to
(A) be able to play many
instruments
(B) have pleasant voices
(C) be familiar with a wide variety of
music
(D) be able to compose original
music
15. The word
(A) years
(B) hands
(C) pieces
(D) films
16. According to the passage, what kind
of business was the Edison Company?
(A)
It produced electricity.
(B) It
distributed films.
(C) It published
musical arrangements.
(D) It made
musical instruments.
17. It may be
inferred from the passage that the first musical
cue sheets appeared around
(A) 1896
(B) 1909
(C) 1915
(D) 1927
18. Which of the following notations is
most likely to have been included on a musical cue
sheet
of the early 1900's?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
19. The word
(A) selected
(B) combined
(C) played
(D) created
20. The word
(A)
totals
(B) successes
(C)
musical compositions
(D) groups of
musicians
21. The passage probably
continues with a discussion of
(A) famous composers of the early
twentieth century
(B) other films
directed by D. W. Griffith
(C) silent
films by other directors
(D) the music
in Birth of a Nation
37
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
Questions 22-31
The
Earth
comprises
three
principal
layers:
the
dense,
iron-rich
core,
the
mantle
made
of
silicate
rocks
that
are
semimolten
at
depth,
and
the
thin,
solid-surface
crust.
There
are
two
kinds of crust, a lower
and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter
continental crust found
over only about
40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks of
the crust are of very different
ages.
Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million
years old, while those of the ocean flow
are less than 200 million years old.
The crusts and the top, solid part of the mantle,
totaling
about 70 to 100 kilometers in
thickness, at present appear to consist of about
15 rigid plates, 7
of which are very
large. These plates move over the semimolten lower
mantle to produce all of
the major
topographical features of the Earth. Active zones
where intense deformation occurs
are
confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries
of contact of the plates.
There are
three main types of zones of contact: spreading
contacts where plates move apart,
converging
contacts
where
plates
move
towards
each
other,
and
transform
contacts
where
plates slide past each
other. New oceanic
crust is formed
along one or more margins of each
plate
by
material
issuing
from
deeper
layers
of
the
Earth's
crust,
for
example,
by
volcanic
eruptions
of
lava
at
midocean
ridges.
If
at
such
a
spreading
contact
the
two
plates
support
continents,
a
rift
is
formed
that
will
gradually
widen
and
become
flooded
by
the
sea.
The
Atlantic
Ocean formed like this as the American and
Afro-European
plates
move
in
opposite
directions.
At
the
same
time
at
margins
of
converging
plates,
the
oceanic
crust
is
being
reabsorbed
by
being
subducted
into
the
mantle
and
remelted
beneath
the
ocean
trenches.
When
two
plates
carrying
continents
collide,
the
continental blocks, too light to be
drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle
to form a
mountain chain along the
length of the margin of the plates.
22.
The word
(A) adapts to
(B) benefits from
(C)
consists of
(D) focuses on
23.
According
to
the
passage,
on
approximately
what
percent
of
the
Earth's
surface
is
the
continental crust found?
(A)
15
(B) 40
(C) 70
(D) 100
24. The word
(A) crusts
(B)
kilometers
(C) plates
(D)
continents
38
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
25. The word
(A)
surface
(B) sudden
(C) rare
(D) extreme
26. What does
the second paragraph of the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) The major mountain chains
of the Earth
(B) Processes that create
the Earth's surface features
(C) The
composition of the ocean floors
(D) The
rates at which continents move
27.
Which of the following drawings best represents a
transform contact (line 13-14)?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
28. The word
(A)
edges
(B) peaks
(C)
interiors
(D) distances
29.
The word
(A) separate
(B) create
(C) reduce
(D) hold
30. According to
the passage, mountain range are formed when
(A) the crust is remelted
(B) two plates separate
(C)
a rift is flooded
(D) continental
plates collide
31. Where in the passage
does the author describe how oceans are formed?
(A) Lines 3-4
(B) Lines 6-8
(C) Lines 16-18
(D) Lines
19-21
39
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
Questions 32-40
Biological
Diversity
Keywords: diversity
，
species
，
Earth
，
human
，
a
nimal
，
plant
Coincident
with
concerns
about
the
accelerating
loss
of
species
and
habitats
has
been
a
growing
appreciation
of
the
importance
of
biological
diversity,
the
number
of
species
in
a
particular ecosystem, to the health of
the Earth and human well-being. Much has been
written
about the diversity of
terrestrial organisms, particularly the
exceptionally rich life associated
with
tropical
rain-forest
habitats.
Relatively
little
has
been
said,
however,
about
diversity
of
life
in
the
sea
even
though
coral
reef
systems
are
comparable
to
rain
forests
in
terms
of
richness
of life.
An
alien
exploring
Earth
would
probably
give
priority
to
the
planet's
dominants,
most-distinctive
feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land
that sometimes gets in the
way of truly
examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is
easy to realize that landmasses
occupy
only
one-third
of
the
Earth's
surface.
Given
that
two-thirds
of
the
Earth's
surface
is
water
and
that
marine
life
lives
at
all
levels
of
the
ocean,
the
total
three-dimensional
living
space of the ocean is
perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and
contains more than 90
percent of all
life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer
distinct species.
The fact that half of
the known species are thought to inhabit the
world's rain forests does
not
seem
surprising,
considering
the
huge
numbers
of
insects
that
comprise
the
bulk
of
the
species.
One scientist found many different species of ants
in just one tree from a rain forest.
While
every
species
is
different
from
every
other
species,
their
genetic
makeup
constrains
them to be
insects and to share similar characteristics with
750,000 species of insects. If basic,
broad
categories
such
as
phyla
and
classes
are
given
more
emphasis
than
differentiating
between
species,
then
the
greatest
diversity
of
life
is
unquestionably
the
sea.
Nearly
every
major type of plant and animal has some
representation there.
To
appreciated
fully
the
diversity
and
abundance
of
life
in
the
sea,
it
helps
to
think
small.
Every spoonful of ocean water contains
life, on the order of 100 to 100,000 bacterial
cells plus
assorted microscopic plants
and animals, including larvae of organisms ranging
from sponges
and corals to starfish and
clams and much more.
is the main point
of the passage?
(A) Humans are
destroying thousands of species.
(B)
There are thousands of insect species.
(C) The sea is even richer in life than
the rain forests.
(D) Coral reefs are
similar to rain forests.
word
(A) ignorance
(B) recognition
(C)
tolerance
(D) forgiveness
does the author compare rain forests and coral
reefs (lines 4-6)?
(A) They are
approximately the same size.
40
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
(B) They share many similar species.
(C) Most of their inhabitants require
water
(D) Both have different forms of
life
41
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
word
(A)
concern
(B) disadvantage
(C)
attitude
(D) prejudice
passage suggests that most rain forest
species are
(A) insects
(B) bacteria
(C) mammals
(D) birds
word
(A) the sea
(B) the rain
forests
(C) a tree
(D) the
Earth's surface
author
argues
that
there
is
more
diversity
of
life
in
the
sea
than
in
the
rain
forests
because
(A) more phyla and classes of life are
represented in the sea
(B) there are
too many insects to make meaningful distinctions
(C) many insect species are too small
to divide into categories
(D) marine
life-forms reproduce at a faster rate
of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of
microscopic sea life?
(A) Sponges
(B) Coral
(C) Starfish
(D) Shrimp
of the following
conclusions is supported by the passage?
(A) Ocean life is highly adaptive.
(B) More attentions needs to be paid to
preserving ocean species and habitats.
(C) Ocean life is primarily composed of
plants.
(D) The sea is highly resistant
to the damage done by pollutants.
Questions 41-50
What
geologists call the Basin and Range Province in
the United States roughly coincides in
its northern portions with the
geographic province known as the Great Basin. The
Great Basin
is hemmed in on the west by
the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Rocky
Mountains; it has
no outlet to the sea.
The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from
the west. Warm, moist
air
from
the
Pacific
Ocean
is
forced
upward
as
it
crosses
the
Sierra
Nevada.
At
the
higher
altitudes
it
cools
and
the
moisture
it
carriers
is
precipitated
as
rain
or
snow
on
the
western
slopes of the mountains. That which
reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture.
What little
water falls there as rain
or snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates
on the broad, flat
42
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
desert floors. It is, therefore, an
environment in which organisms battle for
survival. Along the
rare watercourses,
cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse
existence. In the upland ranges,
pinon
pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.
But
the
Great
Basin
has
not
always
been
so
arid.
Many
of
its
dry,
closed
depressions
were
once filled with water. Owens Valley,
Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were once a
string of
interconnected
lakes.
The
two
largest
of
the
ancient
lakes
of
the
Great
Basin
were
Lake
Lahontan
and
Lake
Bonneville.
The
Great
Salt
Lake
is
all
that
remains
of
the
latter,
and
Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny
remnants of the former.
There
seem
to
have
been
several
periods
within
the
last
tens
of
thousands
of
years
when
water
accumulated in these basins. The rise
and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly
linked to
the advances and retreats of
the great ice sheets that covered much of the
northern part of the
North American
continent during those times. Climatic changes
during the Ice ages sometimes
brought
cooler, wetter weather to midlatitude deserts
worldwide, including those of the Great
Basin. The broken valleys of the Great
Basin provided ready receptacles for this
moisture.
is the geographical
relationship between the Basin and Range Province
and the Great
Basin?
(A) The
Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range
Province.
(B) The Great Basin is larger
than the Basin and Range Province.
(C)
The Great Basin is in the northern part of the
Basin and Range Province.
(D) The Great
Basin is mountainous; the Basin and Range Province
is flat desert.
ing to the passage,
what does the great Basin lack?
(A)
Snow
(B) Dry air
(C) Winds
from the west
(D) Access to the ocean
word
(A) most
frequent
(B) occasional
(C)
gentle
(D) most dangerous
can be inferred that the climate in the Great
Basin is dry because
(A)
the weather patterns are so turbulent
(B) the altitude prevents precipitation
(C) the winds are not strong enough to
carry moisture
(D) precipitation falls
in the nearby mountains
word
(A) Pacific Ocean
(B) air
(C) west
(D) the Great Basin
43
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
does the author mention cottonwoods
and willows in line 8-9?
(A) To
demonstrate that certain trees require a lot of
water
(B) To give examples of trees
that are able to survive in a difficult
environment
(C) To show the beauty of
the landscape of the Great Basin
(D) To
assert that there are more living organisms in the
Great Basin than there used to be
does
the
author
mention
Owens
Valley,
Panamint
Valley,
and
Death
Valley
in
the
second paragraph?
(A) To
explain their geographical formation
(B) To give examples of depressions
that once contained water
(C) To
compare the characteristics of the valleys with
the characteristics of the lakes
(D) To
explain what the Great Basin is like today
words
(A) Lake
Bonneville
(B) Lake Lahontan
(C) The Great Salt Lake
(D)
Pyramid Lake
49. The word
(A) dried
(B) flooded
(C) collected
(D) evaporated
50. According to the passage, the Ice
Ages often brought about
(A) desert formation
(B)
warmer climates
(C) broken valleys
(D) wetter weather
44
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
1996.01
Questions 1-9
In science, a theory is a reasonable
explanation of observed events that are related. A
theory
often
involves
an
imaginary
model
that
helps
scientists
picture
the
way
an
observed
event
could be produced. A good example of
this is found in the kinetic
molecular theory, in which
gases are pictured as being made up of
many small particles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to
explaining past observations, helps to predict
events that have
not as yet been
observed. After a theory has been publicized,
scientists design experiments to
test
the theory. If observations confirm the
scientists' predictions, the theory is
supported. If
observations
do not confirm the predictions, the scientists
must
search further. There
may be
a fault in the experiment, or
the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science
involves
imagination
and
creative
thinking
as
well
as
collecting
information
and
performing
experiments
facts
by
themselves
are
not
science.
As
the
mathematician
Jules
Henri
Poincare
said:
is
built
with
facts
just
as
a
house
is
built
with
bricks,
but
a
collection
of
facts
cannot
be
called
science
any
more
than
a
pile
of
bricks
can
be
called
a
house.
Most scientists start
an investigation by finding out what other
scientists have learned about a
particular
problem.
After
known
facts
have
been
gathered,
the
scientist
comes
to
the
part
of
the investigation that
requires considerable imagination. Possible
solutions to the problem are
formulated. These possible solutions
are called hypotheses.
In a way, any
hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends
the scientist's thinking beyond
the
known
facts.
The
scientist
plans
experiments,
performs
calculations,
and
makes
observations
to
test
hypotheses.
For
without
hypotheses,
further
investigation
lacks
purpose
and
direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are
incorporated into theories.
1. The word
(A) connected
(B) described
(C) completed
(D) identified
2. The word
(A) a good example
(B) an imaginary model
(C) the kinetic molecular
theory
(D) an observed event
3. According to the second
paragraph, a useful theory is one that helps
scientists to
45
老
托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(A) find errors in past experiments
(B) make predictions
(C) observe events
(D) publicize new findings
4. The word
(A)
finished
(B) adjusted
(C)
investigated
(D) upheld
5.
Bricks are mentioned in lines 11-13 to indicate
how
(A) mathematicians
approach science
(B) building a house
is like performing experiments
(C)
science is more than a collection of facts
(D) scientific experiments have led to
improved technology
6. In the fourth
paragraph, the author implies that imagination is
most important to scientists
when they
(A) evaluate previous work
on a problem
(B) formulate possible
solutions to a problem
(C) gather known
facts
(D) close an investigation
7. In line 18, the author refers to a
hypothesis as
that hypotheses
(A) are sometimes ill-
conceived
(B) can lead to dangerous
results
(C) go beyond available facts
(D) require effort to formulate
8. In the last paragraph, what does the
author imply is a major function of hypotheses?
(A) Sifting through known facts
(B) Communicating a scientist's
thoughts to others
(C) Providing
direction for scientific research
46
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
(D) Linking together different theories
9. Which of the following statements is
supported by the passage?
(A) Theories
are simply imaginary models of past events.
(B) It is better to revise a hypothesis
than to reject it.
(C) A scientist's
most difficult task is testing hypotheses.
(D) A good scientist needs to be
creative
Questions 10-20
By
the mid-nineteenth century, the term
was still only beginning to affect the
diet of ordinary citizens in the United States.
The ice trade
grew
with
the
growth
of
cities.
Ice
was
used
in
hotels,
taverns,
and
hospitals,
and
by
some
forward-looking
city
dealers
in
fresh
meat,
fresh
fish,
and
butter.
After
the
Civil
War
(1861-1865), as ice was
used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came
into household use. Even
before 1880,
half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore, and one-third of that
sold
in
Boston
and
Chicago,
went
to
families
for
their
own
use.
This
had
become
possible
because a new
household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of
the modern refrigerator, had
been
invented.
Making an efficient icebox
was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the
early nineteenth
century, the knowledge
of the physics of heat, which was essential to a
science of refrigeration,
was
rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best
icebox was one that prevented the ice
from
melting
was
of
course
mistaken,
for
it
was
the
melting
of
the
ice
that
performed
the
cooling.
Nevertheless,
early
efforts
to
economize
ice
included
wrapping
the
ice
in
blankets,
which
kept
the
ice
from
doing
its
job.
Not
until
near
the
end
of
the
nineteenth
century
did
inventors
achieve
the
delicate
balance
of
insulation
and
circulation
needed
for
an
efficient
icebox.
But
as
early
as
1803,
an
ingenious
Maryland
farmer,
Thomas
Moore,
had
been
on
the
right
track.
He
owned
a
farm
about
twenty
miles
outside
the
city
of
Washington,
for
which
the
village
of
Georgetown
was
the
market
center.
When
he
used
an
icebox
of
his
own
design
to
transport
his
butter
to
market,
he
found
that
customers
would
pass
up
the
rapidly
melting
stuff in the rubs of his competitors to
pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh
and hard in
neat, one-pound bricks. One
advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that
farmers would
no longer have to travel
to market at night in order to keep their produce
cool.
10. What does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) The influence of ice on
the diet
(B) The development of
refrigeration
(C) he transportation of
goods to market
(D) Sources of ice in
the nineteenth century
11. According to
the passage, when did the word
47
老托福精选
95-05
阅读理解原文、
真题及答案
United States?
(A) In 1803
(B) Sometime before 1850
(C)
During the Civil War
(D) Near the end
of the nineteenth century
12. The
phrase
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
13 The
author mentions “
fish
” in
line
4 because
(A) many fish dealers also sold ice
(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated
freight cars
(C)
fish dealers were among the early
commercial users of ice
(D) fish was
not part of the ordinary person's diet before the
invention of the icebox
14. The word
(A) fresh meat
(B) the Civil War
(C) ice
(D) a refrigerator
15. According to the passage, which of
the following was an obstacle to the development
of the
icebox?
(A)
Competition among the owners of refrigerated
freight cars
(B) The lack of a network
for the distribution of ice
(C) The use
of insufficient insulation
(D)
Inadequate understanding of physics
16.
The word
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C)
necessary
48
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
(D) uninteresting
17.
According to the information in the second
paragraph, an ideal icebox would
(A) completely prevent ice from melting
(B) stop air from circulating
(C) allow ice to melt slowly
(D) use blankets to conserve ice
18. The author describes Thomas Moore
as having been
that
(A) the road to the market passed close
to Moore s farm
(B) Moore was an honest
merchant
(C) Moore was a prosperous
farmer
(D) Moore's design was fairly
successful
19. According to the
passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to
(A) charge more for his butter
(B) travel to market at night
(C) manufacture butter more quickly
(D) produce ice all year round
20. The
(A)
iceboxes
(B) butter
(C) ice
(D) markets
Questions 21-30
Aside from perpetuating itself, the
sole purpose of the American Academy and Institute
of Arts
and
Letters
is
to
assist
and
sustain
an
interest
in
literature,
music,
and
art.
This
it
does by enthusiastically
handing out money. Annual cash awards are given to
deserving artists
in various categories
of creativity: architecture, musical composition,
theater, novels, serious
poetry, light
verse, painting, sculpture. One
award
subsidizes a promising
American writer's
visit
to
Rome.
There
is
even
an
award
for
a
very
good
work
of
fiction
that
failed
commercially
—
once
won by the young John Updike for
The
Poorhouse Fair
and, more recently,
by Alice Walker for
In Love
and Trouble
The awards and prizes total
about $$750,000 a year,
but
most
of
them
range
in
size
from
$$5,000
to
$$12,500,
a
welcome
sum
to
many
young
practitioners whose work may not bring
in that much money in a year. One of the
advantages
49
老托福精选
< br>95-05
阅读理解原文、真题及答案
of
the
awards
is
that
many
go
to
the
struggling
artists,
rather
than
to
those
who
are
already
successful.
Members of the Academy and
Institute are not eligible for any cash prizes.
Another
advantage
is
that,
unlike
the
National
Endowment
for
the
Arts
or
similar
institutions
throughout
the
world, there is no
government money involved.
Awards
are
made
by
committee.
Each
of
the
three
departments
—
Literatur
e
(120
members),
Art
(83),
Music
(47)
—
has
a
committee
dealing
with
its
own
field.
Committee
membership
rotates every year, so that new voices
and opinions are constantly heard.
The
most
financially
rewarding
of
all
the
Academy-Institute
awards
are
the
Mildred
and
Harold
Strauss
Livings.
Harold
Strauss,
a
devoted
editor
at
Alfred
A.
Knopf,
the
New
York
publishing
house,
and
Mildred
Strauss,
his
wife,
were
wealthy
and
childless.
They
left
the
Academy-
Institute
a
unique
bequest:
for
five
consecutive
years,
two
distinguished
(and
financially
needy)
writers
would
receive
enough
money
so
they
could
devote
themselves
entirely
to
literature
(no
plays,
no
poetry,
and
no
paying
job
that
might
distract).
In
1983,
the
first
Strauss
Livings
of
$$35,000
a
year
went
to
short-story
writer
Raymond
Carver
and novelist-essayist Cynthia Ozick. By
1988, the fund had grown enough so that two
winners,
novelists Diane Johnson and
Robert Stone, each got $$50,000 a year for five
years.
21. What does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) Award-winning works of
literature
(B) An organization that
supports the arts
(C) The life of an
artist
(D) Individual patrons of the
arts
22. The word
(A) only
(B) honorable
(C) common
(D) official
23. The word
(A)
assures
(B) finances
(C)
schedules
(D) publishes
24.
Which of the following can be inferred about Alice
Walker's book
In Love and
Trouble!
(A) It sold more
copies than The Poorhouse Fair.
50