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TOEFL
词汇题精选
440
题
001.
Most of these leaders were involved
in
public life as reformers, activists
working for women's right to vote, or
authors, and were not
representative
at
all of the great of ordinary women.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) typical
(B) satisfied
(C) supportive
(D) distinctive
002. In the United States, Louis
Comfort
Tiffany (1843-1933) was the
most noted
exponent of this style,
producing a great
variety of glass
forms and surfaces, which
were widely
copied in their time and are
highly
prized
today.
The word
which of
following?
(A) valued
(B) universal
(C) uncommon
(D) preserved
003. The Art Nouveau style was a major
force in the decorative arts from 1895
until 1915, although its influence
continued throughout the mid-1920's. It
was eventually to be
overtaken
by a new
school of thought known as
Functionalism
that had been present
since the turn of
the century.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) surpassed
(B) inclined
(C) expressed
(D) applied
.
页脚
.
004. During most of their lives, surge
glaciers behave like normal glaciers,
traveling perhaps only a couple of
inches
per day. However, at
intervals
of 10 to
100 years, these glaciers move forward
up
to 100 times faster than usual.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) records
(B) speeds
(C) distances
(D) periods
005.
The increasing water pressure under
the
glacier might lift it off its bed,
overcoming the friction between ice and
rock, thus
freeing
the glacier, which
rapidly sliders downhill surge glaciers
also might be influenced by the
climate,
volcanic heat, or earthquakes.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) pushing
(B) releasing
(C)
strengthening
(D) draining
006. A flood of ice would then surge
into
the Southern Sea. With the
continued rise
in sea level, more ice
would
plunge
into
the ocean, causing sea levels to rise
even
higher, which in turn would
release more
ice and set in motion a
vicious cycle.
The word
which of following?
(A) drop
(B) extend
(C) melt
(D) drift
.
007. Group members look to
instrumental
leaders to
leadership, on the other hand, is
leadership that emphasizes the
collective
well-
being of a social group's members.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) necessary
(B) typical
(C) group
(D) particular
008. They offer sympathy when someone
experiences difficulties or is
subjected
to discipline, are quick to
lighten a
serious moment with humor,
and try to
resolve
issues
that threaten to divide
the group.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) avoid
repeating
(B) talk about
(C)
avoid thinking about
(D) find a
solution for
009. Thousands
of tons were extracted
before 1875,
when it was first
noticed
that the tar contained fossil remains.
Major excavations were undertaken that
established the significance of this
remarkable site.
The word
to which of following?
(A) predicted
(B) announced
(C) corrected
(D) observed
010. Since then, over 100
tons of fossils,
1.5 million from
vertebrates, 2.5 million
from
invertebrates, have been recovered,
often in densely concentrated
tangled
masses.
The word
.
页脚
.
to which of following?
(A) buried beneath
(B)
twisted together
(C) quickly formed
(D) easily dated
011. The asphalt at La Brea seeps to
the
surface, especially in the summer,
and
forms shallow puddles that would
often
have been
concealed
by leaves and
dust.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) highlighted
(B) covered
(C) transformed
(D) contaminated
012. The ocean bottom --- a region
nearly
2. 5 times greater than the
total land
area of the Earth --- is a
vast frontier
that even today is
largely unexplored and
uncharted, until
about a century ago, the
deep-ocean
floor was completely
inaccessible
, hidden beneath
waters
averaging over 3,600 meters
deep.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A)
unrecognizable
(B) unreachable
(C) unusable
(D) unsafe
013. The DSDP's drill ship,
the Glomar
Challenger, was able to
maintain a steady
position on the
ocean's surface and drill
in very deep
waters,
extracting
samples
of sediments and rock from the ocean
floor.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A)
breaking
(B) locating
(C)
removing
(D) analyzing
.
014. Today, largely on the
strength
of
evidence gathered during the Glomar
Challenger's voyages, nearly all earth
scientists agree on the theories of
plate
tectonics and continental drift
that
explain many of the geological
processes
that shape the Earth.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) basis
(B) purpose
(C) discovery
(D) endurance
015. For every three Canadians in 1945,
there were over five in 1966. In
September
1966 Canada's population
passed the 20
million mark. Most of
this
surging
growth
came from natural increase.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) new
(B) extra
(C) accelerating
(D) surprising
016. When the prairies were being
settled,
undoubtedly, the good economic
conditions
of the 1950's supported a
growth in the
population, but the
expansion also derived
from a
trend
toward earlier
marriages and
an increase in the
average size of
families.
The word
which of
following?
(A) tendency
(B) aim
(C) growth
(D) directive
017. After the
peak
year of 1957, the
birth rate in Canada began to decline.
It
continued falling until in 1966, it
stood
at the lowest level in 25 years.
.
页脚
.
The word
which of
following?
(A) pointed
(B) dismal
(C) mountain
(D) maximum
018.
Although the growth in Canada's
population had slowed down by 1966 (the
increase the first half of the 1960's
was
only nine percent) , another large
population wave was coming over the
horizon. It would be composed of the
children who were born during the
period
of the high birth rate
prior to
1957.
The phrase
meaning to which
of following?
(A) behind
(B) since
(C) during
(D) preceding
019.
Advocates
of
organic foods --- a
term whose meaning
varies greatly ---
frequently proclaim
that such products are
safer and more
nutritious than others.
The word
to which of following?
(A) Proponents
(B) Merchants
(C) Inspectors
(D) Consumers
020. There are
numerous
unsubstantiated
reports that natural vitamins are
superior
to synthetic ones, that
fertilized eggs
are nutritionally
superior to unfertilized
eggs, that
untreated grains are better
than
fumigated grains, and the like.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) unbelievable
(B) uncontested
(C)
unpopular
.
(D) unverified
021. But in many cases consumers are
misled if they believe organic foods
can
maintain
health and
provide better
nutritional quality than
conventionally
grown foods. So there is
real cause for
concern if consumers,
particularly those
with limited
incomes, distrust the regular
food
supply and buy only expensive organic
foods instead.
The word
to which of following?
(A) improve
(B) monitor
(C) preserve
(D) restore
022. In addition, there
were performers
and since
considerable
importance was
attached to avoiding mistakes in the
enactment of rites, religious leaders
usually assumed that task.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) thoughtful
(B) substantial
(C)
relational
(D) ceremonial
023. In addition, there were performers
and since considerable importance was
attached to avoiding mistakes in the
enactment
of rites,
religious leaders
usually assumed that
task.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) establishment
(B) performance
(C)
authorization
(D) season
024.
Staggering
tasks confronted the
people of the
United States, North and
.
页脚
.
South, when the Civil War ended. About
a
million and a half soldiers from both
sides had to be demobilized, readjusted
to
civilian life, and reabsorbed by the
devastated economy.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming
025. About a million and a half
soldiers
from both sides had to be
demobilized,
readjusted to civilian
life, and
reabsorbed by the
devastated
economy.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) developing
(B) ruined
(C) complicated
(D) fragile
026.
Some botanists hypothesized that the
living cells of plants acted as pumps.
But
many experiments
demonstrated
that the
stems of plants in which all the cells
are
killed can still move water to
appreciable
heights.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) ignored
(B) showed
(C) disguised
(D) distinguished
027. As water is lost from the surface
of
the leaves, a negative pressure, or
tension, is created. The evaporated
water
is replaced by water moving from
inside
the plant in unbroken columns
that
extend
from
the top of a plant to its roots. The
same forces that create surface tension
in
any sample of water are responsible
for
.
the maintenance of these unbroken
columns
of water.
The word
which of following?
(A) stretch
(B) branch
(C) increase
(D) rotate
028. By opening
vast
areas of unoccupied
land for residential expansion, the
omnibuses, horse railways, commuter
trains,
and electric trolleys pulled
settled
regions outward two to four
times more
distant from city centers
than they were
in the premodern era.
The word
which of
following?
(A) large
(B) basic
(C) new
(D) urban
029.
The new accessibility of land around
the periphery of almost every major
city
sparked
an explosion of
real estate
development and fueled what
we now know as
urban sprawl. Between
1890 and 1920, for
example, some
250,000 new residential lots
were
recorded within the borders of
Chicago,
most of them located in outlying
areas.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) brought about
(B) surrounded
(C) sent out
(D) followed
030. Anxious to take advantage of the
possibilities of commuting, real estate
developers added 800,000
potential
building sites to the Chicago region in
just thirty years-lots that could have
.
页脚
.
housed five to six million people.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) certain
(B) popular
(C) improved
(D) possible
031. The quality of preservation is
outstanding
, but what is
even more
impressive is the number of
ichthyosaur
fossils containing
preserved embryos.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) extensive
(B) surprising
(C) vertical
(D) excellent
032. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have
been
reported from 6 different levels
of the
shale in a small area around
Holzamden,
suggesting that a
specific
site
was used
by large numbers of ichthyosaurs
repeatedly over time.
The
word
which of following?
(A) example
(B) location
(C) development
(D)
characteristic
033. The
quality of preservation is almost
unmatched, and quarry operations have
been
carried out carefully with an
awareness of
the value of the fossils.
But these
factors do not
account for
the
interesting question of how there came
to
be such a concentration of pregnant
ichthyosaurs in a particular place very
close to their time of giving birth.
The phrase
meaning to which
of following?
(A) record
.
(B) describe
(C) equal
(D) explain
034.
In the seventeenth century the organ,
the clavichord, and the harpsichord
became
the chief instruments of the
keyboard
group, a
supremacy
they maintained
until
the piano supplanted them at the
end of
the eighteenth century.
The words
closest in meaning
to
(A) a suggestion
(B) an
improvement
(C) a dominance
(D) a development
035. A series of mechanical
improvements
continuing well into the
nineteenth
century, including the
introduction of
pedals to sustain tone
or to soften it,
the perfection of a
metal frame, and steel
wire of the
finest quality, finally
produced an
instrument capable of
myriad
tonal effects from the most delicate
harmonies to an almost orchestral
fullness
of sound, from a liquid,
singing tone to a
ship, percussive
brilliance.
The word
which
of following?
(A) noticeable
(B) many
(C) loud
(D) unusual
036.
Each one was virtually a stone town,
which is why the Spanish would later
call
them pueblos, the Spanish word for
towns.
These pueblos represent one of
the
Anasazis'
supreme
achievements. At least
a dozen large stone houses took shape
below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in
northwest New Mexico.
The
word
.
页脚
.
to which of following?
(A) most common
(B) most
outstanding
(C) most expensive
(D) most convenient
037. They functioned as sanctuaries
where
the elders met to plan festivals,
perform
ritual dances,
settle
pueblo affairs, and
impart tribal lore to the younger
generation.
The word
which of following?
(A) sink
(B) decide
(C) clarify
(D) locate
038. Then, to connect the
pueblos and to
give access to the
surrounding tableland,
the architects
laid out a system of public
roads with
stone staircases for
ascending
cliff
faces.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) arriving at
(B) carving
(C) connecting
(D) climbing
039. Within a very short time, however,
the incongruity of playing lively music
to
a
solemn
film
became apparent, and film
pianists
began to take some care in
matching
their pieces to the mood of the
film.
The word
which of
following?
(A) simple
(B) serious
(C) short
(D) silent
040.
Certain films had music especially
.
composed
for them. The
most famous of
these early special
scores
was that
composed and arranged for D. W.
Griffith's
film Birth of a Nation,
which was released
in 1915.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) selected
(B) combined
(C) played
(D) created
The word
which of following?
(A) totals
(B) successes
(C) musical compositions
(D)
groups of musicians
041.
The Earth
comprises
three
principal
layers: the dense, iron-rich
core, the
mantle made of silicate rocks
that are
semimolten at depth, and the
thin, solid-
surface crust.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) adapts to
(B) benefits from
(C)
consists of
(D) focuses on
042. These plates move over the
semimolten
lower mantle to produce all
of the major
topographical features of
the Earth.
Active zones where
intense
deformation
occurs are confined to the narrow,
interconnecting boundaries of contact
of
the plates.
The word
to which of following?
(A) surface
(B) sudden
(C) rare
(D) extreme
.
页脚
.
043. New oceanic crust is formed along
one
or more
margins
of each plate by
material
issuing from deeper layers of
the Earth's
crust, for example, by
volcanic eruptions
of lava at midocean
ridges.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) edges
(B) peaks
(C) interiors
(D) distances
044. If at such a spreading contact the
two plates
support
continents, a rift
is
formed that will gradually widen and
become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic
Ocean formed like this as the American
and
Afro-European plates move in
opposite
directions.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) separate
(B) create
(C) reduce
(D) hold
045. Coincident with
concerns about the
accelerating loss of
species and habitats
has been a growing
appreciation
of the
importance of biological diversity, the
number of species in a particular
ecosystem, to the health of the Earth
and
human well-being.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) ignorance
(B) recognition
(C)
tolerance
(D) forgiveness
046. An alien exploring Earth would
probably give priority to the planet's
dominant, most-distinctive feature-the
ocean. Humans have a
bias
toward land that
.
sometimes gets in the way of truly
examining global issues.
The
word
which of following?
(A) concern
(B) disadvantage
(C) attitude
(D) prejudice
047. The
prevailing
winds in the
Great
Basin are from the west. Warm,
moist air
from the Pacific Ocean is
forced upward as
it crosses the Sierra
Nevada.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A) most
frequent
(B) occasional
(C)
gentle
(D) most dangerous
048. There seem to have been several
periods within the last tens of
thousands
of years when water
accumulated
in these
basins. The rise and fall of the lakes
were undoubtedly linked to the advances
and retreats of the great ice sheets
that
covered much of the northern part
of the
North American continent during
those
times.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) dried
(B) flooded
(C) collected
(D) evaporated
049. All living creature, especially
human
beings, have their peculiarities,
but
everything about the little sea
cucumber
seems unusual. What else can
be said about
a
bizarre
animal that, among
other
eccentricities, eats mud, feeds
almost
continuously day and night but
can live
without eating for long
periods, and can
.
页脚
.
be poisonous but is considered
supremely
edible by gourmets?
The phrase
to which of
following?
(A) odd
(B) marine
(C) simple
(D) rare
050.
Its major enemies are fish and crabs,
when attacked, it squirts all its
internal
organs into the water. It also
casts off
attached structures such as tentacles.
The
sea cucumber will eviscerate and
regenerate itself if it is attacked or
even touched; it will do the same if
the
surrounding water temperature is
too high
or if the water becomes too
polluted.
The phrase
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
grows again
(B) grabs
(C)
gets rid of
(D) uses as a weapon
051. A folk culture is
small, isolated,
cohesive,
conservative, nearly self-
sufficient
group that is
homogeneous
in
custom and race, with a strong family
or
clan structure and highly developed
rituals.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) uniform
(B) general
(C) primitive
(D) traditional
052. Unaltered folk cultures no longer
exist in industrialized countries such
as
the United States and Canada.
Perhaps the
nearest modern equivalent
in Anglo-America
is the Amish, a German
American farming
sect that
largely renounces
the
products
.
and labor saving devices of the
industrial
age.
The phrase
in meaning to which of
following?
(A) generally
rejects
(B) greatly modifies
(C) loudly declares
(D)
often criticizes
053.
Secular institutions, of control such
as the police and army take the place
of
religion and family in maintaining
order,
and a money-based
economy
prevails
.
Because of these contrasts,
be viewed as clearly different from
The word
to which of
following?
(A) dominates
(B) provides
(C) develops
(D) invests
054.
Conventional computer models of the
atmosphere have limited value in
predicting short-lived local storms
like
the Edmonton tornado, because the
available weather data are generally
not
detailed enough to allow computers
to
discern the
subtle
atmospheric changes
that precede these storms.
The word
which of
following?
(A) complex
(B) regular
(C) imagined
(D) slight
055.
Communications satellites can
transmit
data around the world cheaply and
instantaneously, and modern computers
can
quickly
compile
and analyzing this
large
volume of weather information.
The word
to which of
following?
.
页脚
.
(A) put together
(B) look up
(C) pile high
(D) work over
056. Meteorologists and
computer
scientists now work together
to design
computer programs and video
equipment
capable of transforming
raw
weather data
into words, symbols, and vivid graphic
displays that forecasters can interpret
easily and quickly.
The word
which of following?
(A) stormy
(B) inaccurate
(C) uncooked
(D) unprocessed
057. People in the United
States in the
nineteenth century were
haunted by the
prospect
that
unprecedented change in the
nation's
economy would bring social chaos.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) regret
(B) possibility
(C) theory
(D) circumstance
058. Although the birth
rate continued to
decline from its high
level of the
eighteenth and early
nineteenth century,
the population
roughly
doubled every
generation during the rest of the
nineteenth centuries. As the population
grew, its makeup also changed.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) harshly
(B) surprisingly
(C) slowly
(D) approximately
.
059. Rapid industrialization and
increased
geographic mobility in the
nineteenth
century had special
implications for women
because these
changes tended to
magnify
social
distinctions
. As the roles
men and
women played in society became
more
rigidly defined, so did the roles
they
played in the home.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) solve
(B) explain
(C) analyze
(D) increase
The word
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
differences
(B) classes
(C)
accomplishments
(D) characteristics
060. In science, a theory
is a reasonable
explanation of observed
events that are
related.
A
theory often involves an
imaginary
model that helps scientists
picture the
way an observed event could be
produced.
The word
to which of following?
(A) connected
(B) described
(C) completed
(D) identified
061. If observations
confirm the
scientists' predictions,
the theory is
supported.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) finished
(B) adjusted
(C)
investigated
(D) upheld
.
页脚
.
062. The ice trade grew
with the growth of
cities. Ice was used
in hotels, taverns,
and hospitals, and
by some
forward-
looking
city dealers in fresh meat, fresh
fish,
and butter.
The phrase
meaning to which of
following?
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
063. Making an efficient icebox was not
as
easy as we might now suppose. In the
early
nineteenth century, the knowledge
of the
physics of heat, which was
essential to a
science of
refrigeration, was
rudimentary.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C)
necessary
(D) uninteresting
064. Aside from perpetuating itself,
the
sole
purpose of the
American Academy and
Institute of Arts
and Letters is to
in
literature, music, and art.
The word
which of following?
(A) only
(B) honorable
(C) common
(D) official
065. One award
subsidizes
a promising
American writer's visit to Rome. There
is
even an award for a very good work
of
fiction that failed commercially-
once won
by the young John Updike for
The Poorhouse
Fair and, more recently,
by Alice Walker
for In Love and
Trouble.
.
The word
meaning to which
of following?
(A) assures
(B) finances
(C) schedules
(D) publishes
066. Committee membership
rotates
every
year, so that new voices and opinions
are
constantly heard.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) alternates
(B)
participates
(C) decides
(D)
meets
067. One important
line of evidence comes
from flaking
patterns of stone cores used
in tool
making:
implements
flaked
with a
clockwise motion (indicating a
right-
handed toolmaker) can be
distinguished
from hose flaked with a
counter-clockwise
rotation (indicating
a left-handed
toolmaker) .
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) tools
(B) designs
(C) examples
(D) pieces
068.
Even scratches found on fossil human
teeth offer
clues.
Ancient humans are
thought to have cut meat into strips by
holding it between their teeth and
slicing
it with stone knives, as do the
present-
day Inuit.
The word
which of following?
(A) solutions
(B) details
(C) damage
(D) information
.
页脚
.
069. The variation between
the
hemispheres
corresponds
to which side of
the body is used to
perform specific
activities. Such
studies, as well as
studies of tool
use, indicate that right-
or left-sided
dominance is not exclusive
to modern
Homo sapiens.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) differences
(B) sides
(C) activities
(D) studies
070.
Plants are
subject to
attack
and
infection by a remarkable variety
of
symbiotic species and have evolved a
diverse array of mechanisms designed to
frustrate the potential colonists.
The phrase
meaning to which
of following?
(A)
susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D)
strengthened by
071. The
external surfaces of plants, in
addition to being covered by an
epidermis
and a waxy cuticle, often
carry spiky
hairs known as trichomes,
which either
prevent feeding by insects
or may even
puncture
and
kill insect larvae.
The word
to which of following?
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover
072. Orchids are unique in
having the most
highly developed of all
blossoms, in which
the usual male and
female reproductive
organs are
fused
in a single structure
.
called the column.
The
word
which of following?
(A) combined
(B) hidden
(C) fertilized
(D) produced
073. To
lure
their pollinators from afar,
orchids use appropriately intriguing
shapes, colors, and scents. At least 50
different aromatic compounds have been
analyzed in the orchid family, each
blended to attract one, or at most a
few,
species of insects or birds.
The word
which of
following?
(A) attract
(B) recognize
(C) follow
(D) help
074.
Once the right insect has been
attracted, some orchids present all
sorts
of one-way obstacle courses to
make sure
it does not leave until
pollen has been
accurately
placed
or removed.
The word
which of
following?
(A) estimated
(B) measured
(C) deposited
(D) identified
075. By such ingenious adaptations to
specific pollinators, orchids have
avoided
the hazards of rampant
crossbreeding in
the wild, assuring the
survival of species
as
discrete
identities. At the
same time
they have made themselves
irresistible to
collectors.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) complicated
.
页脚
.
(B) separate
(C) inoffensive
(D) functional
076. The public school system suddenly
found itself
overtaxed
. While the number
of schoolchildren rose because of
wartime
and postwar conditions, these
same
conditions made the schools even
less
prepared to cope with the flood.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) well prepared
(B) plentifully supplied
(C)
heavily burdened
(D) charged too much
077. Therefore, in the
1950's and 1960's,
the baby boom hit an
antiquated and
inadequate
school system. Consequently,
the
early 1940's no longer made sense; that
is,
keeping youths aged sixteen and
older out
of the labor market by
keeping them in
school could no longer
be a high priority
for an institution
unable to find space
and staff to teach
younger children aged
five to sixteen.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) deficient
(B) expanded
(C) innovative
(D) specialized
078. With the baby boom, the focus of
educators and of laymen interested in
education
inevitably
turned toward the
lower grades and back to basic academic
skills and discipline.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) unwillingly
(B) impartially
.
(C) irrationally
(D)
unavoidably
079. Deeply
philosophical historians such
as Henry
Adams
lamented
the role that
the
new frenzy for business was playing
in
eroding traditional values. A
distrust of
industry and business
continued among
writers throughout the
rest of the
nineteenth century and into
the twentieth.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
complained about
(B) analyzed
(C) explained
(D) reflected
on
080. One thinks of
melodramas, boys' books,
thrillers,
romances, and the like rather
than
novels of the
first rank
.
The phrase
meaning to which
of following?
(A) largest
category
(B) highest quality
(C) earliest writers
(D)
most difficult language
081. These writers, who can genuinely
be
said to have created a genre, the
their names having
faded from
memory.
The words
closest in meaning
to
(A) grew in
(B)
disappeared from
(C) remained in
(D) developed from
082. The engine that became standard on
western steamboats was of a different
and
novel
design. It was the
work primarily of
an unsung hero of
American industrial
progress, Oliver
Evans (1755-1819) .
The word
.
页脚
.
which of following?
(A) fictional
(B) intricate
(C) innovative
(D) powerful
083. The self-educated son
of a Delaware
farmer, Evans early
became obsessed by the
possibilities of
mechanized production and
steam power.
As early as 1802 he was using
a
stationary
steam engine of
high-
pressure design in his mill.
Engines of
this type were not unknown,
but before
Evans they were generally
considered
impractical and dangerous.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) single
(B) fixed
(C) locomotive
(D) modified
084. In shallow western rivers the
weight
of
vessel
and engine was important; a
heavy
engine added to the problem of
navigation.
The word
which of following?
(A) fuel
(B) crew
(C) cargo
(D) craft
085. The key concepts
emerged
about 1957.
Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at
Bell
Telephone Laboratories, wrote a
long paper
outlining
the
conditions needed to
amplify stimulated
emission of visible
light waves.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) increased
(B) concluded
(C) succeeded
.
(D) appeared
The word
to which of following?
(A) assigning
(B) studying
(C) checking
(D) summarizing
086. On this perfect
surface, the artist
would sketch a
composition with chalk,
refine it with
inks, and then begin the
deliberate
process of
applying thin
layers of egg tempera
paint (egg yolk in
which pigments are
suspended) with small
brushes.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) decisive
(B) careful
(C) natural
(D) unusual
087.
The quick-drying tempera
demanded
that the
artist know exactly where each
stroke
be placed before the brush met the
panel, and it required the use of fine
brushes.
The word
to which of following?
(A) ordered
(B) reported
(C) required
(D) questioned
088. The painter or master
who is credited
with having created the
painting may have
designed the work and
overseen its
production, but it is
highly unlikely that
the artist's hand
applied every stroke of
the brush. More
likely, numerous
assistants, who had
been trained to
imitate
the
artist's style, applied the
paint.
The word
.
页脚
.
to which of following?
(A) copy
(B) illustrate
(C) promote
(D) believe in
089. On the other hand,
when it comes to
substantive-
particularly behavioral-
information,
crows are less well known
than many
comparably
common species
and,
for that matter, not a few quite
uncommon
ones: the endangered
California condor, to
cite one obvious
example. There are
practical reasons
for this.
The word
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
interestingly
(B) similarly
(C) otherwise
(D) sometimes
090. Being so educable,
individual birds
have markedly
different interests and
inclinations
, strategies and
scams.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A)
tricks
(B) opportunities
(C)
preferences
(D) experiences
091. The confusion and congestion of
individual citizens looking for their
letters was itself enough to discourage
use of the mail. It is no wonder that,
during the years of these
cumbersome
arrangements, private letter-carrying
and
express businesses developed.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) burdensome
(B) handsome
(C) loathsome
(D) quarrelsome
.
092. But this delivery
service was at
first
confined
to cities, and free
home
delivery became a mark of
urbanism. As
late as 1887, a town had
to have 10,000
people to be eligible
for free home
delivery.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) granted
(B) scheduled
(C) limited
(D) recommended
093. They were, by
training, social
scientists, not
historians, and their work
tended to
reflect this bias. The questions
they
framed
and the techniques
they used
were designed to help them
understand, as
scientists, how people
behaved.
The word
which of
following?
(B)
read
(C) avoided
(D) posed
094. In Kingston, New York,
for example,
evidence has been
uncovered that indicates
that English
goods were being smuggled
into that
city at a time when the Dutch
supposedly
controlled
trading in the area.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) ruthlessly
(B) tightly
(C) barely
(D) seemingly
095. And in Sacramento an excavation at
the site of a fashionable
nineteenth-
century hotel revealed that
garbage had
been stashed in the
building's basement
despite
sanitation
laws to the contrary.
.
页脚
.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) city
(B) housing
(C) health
(D) trade
096.
When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the
Center of the Earth in 1864, there were
many
conflicting
theories about the
nature of the
Earth's interior. Some
geologists
thought that it contained a
highly
compressed ball of incandescent gas,
while others suspected that it
consisted
of separate shells, each made
of a
different material.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) controlling
(B) outdated
(C) opposing
(D) important
097. Beyond a depth of around 2,900
kilometers, a great change takes place
and
the mantle
gives way
to
the core. Some
seismic
waves cannot pass through the core
and
others are bent by it. From this and
other evidence, geologists conclude
that
the outer core is probably liquid,
with a
solid center. It is almost
certainly made
of iron, mixed with
smaller amount of
other elements such
as nickel.
The phrase
meaning to which of
following?
(A) runs along
(B) rubs against
(C) turns
into
(D) floats on
098. Although scientists can
speculate
about
its nature, neither humans nor
machines
will ever be able to visit it.
The word
.
to which of following?
(A) report
(B) learn
(C) worry
(D) hypothesize
099. Farmers could get
better prices for
their crops if the
alternative
existed of
sending them directly eastward to
market,
and merchants could sell larger
quantities
of their manufactured goods
if these could
be transported more
directly and more
economically to the
west.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A)
option
(B) transition
(C)
intention
(D) authorization
100. The distance was more than 350
miles,
and there were ridges to cross
and a
wilderness of woods and swamps to
penetrate.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) cut down
(B) go through
(C) fill up
(D) take over
101. The range of the New
York canal
system was still further
extended
when
the
states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired
by
the success of the Erie Canal, provided
water connections between Lake Erie and
the Ohio River.
The word
to which of following?
(A) increased
(B)
constructed
(C) deepened
(D)
measured
.
页脚
.
102. The answer lay in a
resource that
unknowing Americans had
trampled underfoot
in their haste to
cross the
American
Desert
sometimes proved
barren.
In the eastern
parts of the United States, the
preferred
grass for forage was a
cultivated plant.
The word
which of following?
(A) lonely
(B) dangerous
(C) uncomfortable
(D)
infertile
103. In the
eastern parts of the United
States, the
preferred
grass for forage
was a cultivated plant. It grew well
with
enough rain, then when cut and
stored it
would cure and become
nourishing hay for
winter feed.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) ordinary
(B) available
(C) required
(D) favored
104.
They were not juicy like the
cultivated
eastern grasses, but had short,
hard
stems.
The
word
which of following?
(A) firm
(B) severe
(C) difficult
(D) bitter
105. Nevertheless, most
domestic
architecture of the first
three-quarters
of the eighteenth
century displays a wide
divergence
of taste and
freedom of
application of the rules
laid down in
these books.
.
The word
meaning to which
of following?
(A)
description
(B) development
(C) difference
(D) display
106. New England still
favored wood,
though brick houses
became common in
Boston and other
towns, where the danger
of fire gave an
impetus to the use of more
durable
material. A few
houses in New
England were built of
stone, but only in
Pennsylvania and
adjacent areas was stone
widely used in
dwellings
.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) attractive
(B) expensive
(C) refined
(D) long-lasting
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
houses
(B) towns
(C)
outbuildings
(D) rural areas
107. Doorways were larger
and more
decorative. Fireplaces became
decorative
features of rooms. Walls
were made of
plaster or wood, sometimes
elaborately
paneled.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) done in great
detail
(B) put together carefully
(C) using many colors
(D)
reinforced structurally
108. Whereas schooling has a certain
predictability, education quite often
produces surprises. A
chance
conversation
.
页脚
.
with stranger may lead a person to
discover how little is known of other
religions. People are engaged in
education
from infancy on.
The word
which of
following?
(A) unplanned
(B) unusual
(C) lengthy
(D) lively
109.
Education, then, is a very broad,
inclusive term. It is should be an
integral
part of one's
entire life.
The word
to
which of following?
(A) an
equitable
(B) a profitable
(C) a pleasant
(D) an
essential
110. For example,
the edge of the Pacific
Ocean has been
called the
because so many volcanic
eruptions and
earthquakes happen there.
Before the
1960's, geologists could not
explain why
active volcanoes and strong
earthquakes
were
concentrated
in that region.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) allowed
(B)clustered
(C) exploded
(D) strengthened
111. In the United States in the early
1800's, individual state governments
had
more
effect
on the economy than did the
federal
government. States chartered
manufacturing, banking, mining, and
transportation firms and participated
in
the construction of various internal
improvements such as canals, turnpikes,
and railroads.
.
The word
which of
following?
(A) value
(B) argument
(C) influence
(D) restraint
112. The states encouraged internal
improvements in two
distinct
ways: first,
by actually establishing state
companies
to build such improvements;
second, by
providing part of the
capital for mixed
public-private
companies setting out to
make a profit.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) separate
(B) innovative
(C) alarming
(D) provocative
113. Finally, state governments
experimented with direct labor and
business regulation designed to help
the
individual laborer or consumer,
including
setting
maximum
limits on hours of work
and
restrictions on price-fixing by
businesses.
The word
to which of following?
(A) discussing
(B) analyzing
(C) establishing
(D)
avoiding
114. Although the
states dominated
economic activity
during this period, the
federal
government was not inactive. Its
goals
were the facilitation of western
settlement and the development of
native
industries. Toward these
ends
the federal
government pursued several courses of
action.
The word
.
页脚
.
which of following?
(A) benefits
(B) decisions
(C) services
(D) goals
115. What forms of life
were able to make
such a
drastic
change in lifestyle?
The
traditional view of the first
terrestrial
organisms is based on mega
fossils-
relatively large specimens of
essentially
whole plants and animals.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) widespread
(B) radical
(C) progressive
(D) risky
116.
It turns out that some fossils can be
extracted
from these
sediments by putting
the rocks in an
acid bath. The technique
has uncovered
new evidence from sediments
that were
deposited near the shores of the
ancient oceans-plant microfossils and
microscopic pieces of small animals.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) located
(B) preserved
(C) removed
(D) studied
117.
The technique has uncovered new
evidence from sediments that were
deposited near the shores of the
ancient
oceans-plant microfossils and
microscopic
pieces of small animals. In
many
instances
the specimens
are less than
one-tenth of a millimeter
in diameter.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
methods
(B) processes
.
(C) cases
(D) reasons
118. In many instances the
specimens are
less than one-tenth of a
millimeter in
diameter. Although they
were
entombed
in
the rocks for hundreds of millions of
years, many of the fossils consist of
the
organic remains of the organism.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) crushed
(B) trapped
(C) produced
(D) excavated
119. Citizens of prosperous,
essentially
middle-class republics ---
whether ancient
Romans, seventeenth-
century Dutch burghers,
or nineteenth-
century Americans --- have
always shown
a
marked
taste for
portraiture.
The word
which of following?
(A) pronounced
(B) fortunate
(C) understandable
(D)
mysterious
120. In 1839 the
daguerreotype was
introduced to
America,
ushering in
the
age of photography, and within a
generation the new invention put an end
to
the popularity of painted portraits.
Once
again an original portrait became
a luxury,
commissioned by the wealthy
and
executed
by
the professional.
The phrase
meaning to which of
following?
(A) beginning
(B) demanding
(C) publishing
(D) increasing
.
页脚
.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) sold
(B) requested
(C) admired
(D) created
121.
Local crafts people-sign, coach, and
house painters-began to paint portraits
as
a profitable sideline; sometimes a
talented man or woman who began
by
sketching
family members gained a local
reputation and was besieged with
requests
for portraits; artists found
it worth
their while to pack their
paints, canvases,
and brushes and to
travel the countryside,
often combining
house decorating with
portrait
painting.
The word
to which
of following?
(A) drawing
(B) hiring
(C) helping
(D) discussing
122. Both the number and the percentage
of
people in the United States involved
in
nonagricultural pursuits expanded
rapidly
during the half century
following the
Civil War, with some of
the most dramatic
increases occurring
in the
domains
of
transportation, manufacturing, and
trade
and distribution.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) fields
(B) locations
(C) organizations
(D)
occupations
123. The
development of the railroad and
telegraph systems during the middle
third
of the nineteenth century led to
significant improvements in the speed,
.
volume, and regularity of shipments
and
communications, making possible a
fundamental
transformation
in the
production and distribution of
goods.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A)
possible
(B) basic
(C)
gradual
(D) unique
124. To be sure, there were still small
workshops, where
skilled
craftspeople
manufactured products ranging from
newspapers to cabinets to plumbing
fixtures.
The word
to which of following?
(A) hardworking
(B) expert
(C) well-paid
(D) industrial
125. And there were
factories in
occupations such as
metalwork where
individual contractors
presided over
what
were essentially handicraft
proprietorships that coexisted within a
single building.
The words
closest in meaning to
(A)
managed
(B) led to
(C)
worked in
(D) produced
126. Objects in the universe show a
variety of shapes: round planets (some
with rings) , tailed comets, wispy
cosmic
gas and dust clouds, ringed
nebulae,
pinwheel-shaped spiral
galaxies, and so on.
But none of the
shapes on this list
describes the
largest single
entities
in
the universe.
.
页脚
.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) factors
(B) processes
(C) objects
(D) puzzles
127.
Stone carvers engraved their
motifs
of skulls
and crossbones and other
religious
icons of death into the gray
slabs that
we still see standing today in
old
burial grounds.
The word
which of following?
(A) tools
(B) prints
(C) signatures
(D) designs
128. Although they often
achieved
expression and formal
excellence in their
generally primitive
style, they remained
artisans skilled
in the craft of carving
and constituted
a group
distinct
from
what we normally think of as
in today's use of the word.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) separate
(B) assembled
(C) notable
(D) inferior
129. On the
rare
occasion when a fine
piece of sculpture
was desired, Americans
turned to
foreign sculptors, as in the
1770's
when the cities of New York and
Charleston, South Carolina,
commissioned
the Englishman Joseph
Wilton to make
marble statues of
William Pill.
The word
which
of following?
(A) festive
(B) infrequent
.
(C) delightful
(D)
unexpected
130. Desert
mammals also depart from the
normal
mammalian practice of
maintaining
a
constant body temperature. Instead of
trying to keep down the body
temperature
deep inside the body, which
would involve
the expenditure of water
and energy,
desert mammals allow their
temperatures to
rise to what would
normally be fever
height, and
temperatures as high as 46
degrees
Celsius have been measured in
Grant's
gazelles.
The word
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
measuring
(B) inheriting
(C)
preserving
(D) delaying
131. Another strategy of large desert
animals is to
tolerate
the loss of body
water to a point that would be fatal
for
nonadapted animals. The camel can
lose up
to 30 percent of its body
weight as water
without harm to itself,
whereas human
beings die after losing
only 12 to 13
percent of their body
weight.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) endure
(B) replace
(C) compensate
(D) reduce
132. The tolerance of water loss is of
obvious advantage in the desert, as
animals do not have to remain near a
water
hole but can
obtain
food from grazing
sparse and far-flung pastures.
The word
which of
following?
(A) digest
.
页脚
.
(B) carry
(C) save
(D) get
133. In
1979 Santa Monica's municipal
government ordered landlords to
roll back
their
rents to the levels charged in 1978.
Future rents could only go up by two
thirds as much as any increase in the
overall price level.
The phrase
closest in
meaning to which of following?
(A)
credit
(B) measure
(C) vary
(D) reduce
134.
In any housing market, rental prices
perform three functions: (1) promoting
the
efficient maintenance of existing
housing
and
stimulating
the construction
of new
housing.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) experimenting
with
(B) identifying
(C)
estimating
(D) encouraging
135. One result of rent control is a
decrease in the construction of new
rental
units. Rent Controls have
artificially
depressed
the
most important long-term
determinant of
profitability-rents.
The word
to which of following?
(A) saddened
(B) created
(C) lowered
(D) defeated
136. In the same year, in
San Francisco,
.
California, only 2,000 units were
built.
San Francisco has only a 1. 6
percent
vacancy rate but
stringent
rent control
laws.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
straightforward
(B) strict
(C) expanded
(D) efficient
137. For example, sometimes
the shape or
veining in a piece of
stone or wood
suggests, perhaps even
dictates
, not only
the ultimate form, but even the subject
matter.
The word
to which of following?
(A) reads aloud
(B)
determines
(C) includes
(D)
records
138. In 1905 he was
sent to Paris as an
apprentice to an
art dealer, and in the
years that
followed he
witnessed
the
birth of Cubism, discovered primitive
art,
and learned the techniques of
woodcarving
from a frame maker.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed
139. The plank's form dictated the
rigidly
frontal view and the low
relief. Even its
irregular shape must
have appealed to
Laurent as
a break with
a long-standing
tradition that required a sculptor to
work
within a perfect rectangle or
square.
The phrase
meaning
to which of following?
.
页脚
.
(A) a destruction of
(B) a
departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to
140. In winter especially, it is
important
for birds to keep warm at
night and
conserve
precious
food reserves.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
retain
(B) watch
(C) locate
(D) share
141.
One way to do this is to find a
sheltered roost. Solitary roosters
shelter
in dense vegetation or enter a
cavity-
horned larks dig holes in the
ground and
ptarmigan burrow into snow
banks-but the
effect of sheltering is
magnified
by
several birds huddling together in the
roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown
creepers,
bluebirds, and anis do.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) caused
(B) modified
(C) intensified
(D) combined
142. The second possible benefit of
communal roots is that they act as
parties of birds will have
spread out to
forage
over a
very large area. When they
return in
the evening some will have fed
well,
but others may have found little to
eat.
The word
which of following?
(A) fly
(B) assemble
(C) feed
.
(D) rest
143.
Finally, there is safety in numbers
at
communal roosts since there will always
be a few birds awake at any given
moment
to give the alarm. But this
increased
protection is partially
counteracted
by
the fact that mass roosts attract
predators and are especially vulnerable
if
they are on the ground.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) suggested
(B) negated
(C) measured
(D) shielded
144. Drying, smoking, and salting could
preserve meat for a short time, but the
availability of fresh meat, like that
of
fresh milk, was very limited; there
was no
way to
prevent
spoilage.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) estimate
(B) avoid
(C) correct
(D) confine
145.
The icebox became a
fixture
in most
homes and remained so until the
mechanized
refrigerator replaced it in
the 1920's and
1930's. Almost everyone
now had a more
diversified diet.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) luxury item
(B) substance
(C)
commonplace object
(D) mechanical
device
146. Some people
continued to eat mainly
foods that were
heavy in starches or
carbohydrates, and
not everyone could
.
页脚
.
afford meat.
Nevertheless
, many families
could take advantage of previously
unavailable fruits, vegetables, and
dairy
products to achieve more varied
fare.
The word
meaning to
which of following?
(A)
therefore
(B) because
(C)
occasionally
(D) however
readily
change its
orientation, or phase.
Cats know this
instinctively, but
scientists could not
be sure how it
happened until they
increased the speed of
their
perceptions a thousand fold.
The word
to which of following?
(A) only
(B) easily
(C) slowly
(D) certainly
147. The changing profile
of a city in the
United States is
apparent in the shifting
definitions
used by the United States
Bureau of the
Census. In 1870 the census
officially
distinguished
the nation's
the first time.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A)
differentiated
(B) removed
(C) honored
(D) protected
148. Each SMSA would
contain at least (a)
one central city
with 50,000 inhabitant or
more or (b)
two cities having shared
boundaries and
constituting
, for general
economic and social purposes, a single
community with a combined population of
at
least 50,000, the smaller of which
must
.
have a population of at least 15,000.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) located near
(B) determined by
(C)
calling for
(D) making up
149. The Anasazi lived in houses
constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi
houses were originally built in
pits
and
were
entered from the roof.
The word
which of following?
(A) stages
(B) scars
(C) seeds
(D) holes
150. Each kiva had a fire
pit and hole
that was believed to lead
to the
underworld. The largest pueblos
had five
stories
and more
than 800 rooms.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
articles
(B) tales
(C)
levels
(D) rumors
151. The village chief dealt with
land
disputes
and
religious affairs. The war
chief led
the men in fighting during
occasional
conflicts that broke out with
neighboring villages and directed the
men
in community building projects.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) discussions
(B) arguments
(C)
developments
(D) purchases
152. This had a considerable effect on
.
页脚
.
cattle ranching, since the herds no
longer
had
unrestricted
use of the
plains for
grazing, and the fencing led
to conflict
between the farmers and the
cattle
ranchers.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A)
unsatisfactory
(B) difficult
(C) considerable
(D)
unlimited
153. The steel
wires used are galvanized-
coated with
zinc to make them rustproof.
The two
wires that make up the line wire
or
cable are
fed
separately
into a machine
at one end. They leave
it at the other end
twisted together
and barbed.
The word
which
of following?
(A) put
(B) eaten
(C) bitten
(D) nourished
154. The pressure exerted on the human
body increases by 1 atmosphere for
every
10 meters of depth in seawater,
so that at
30 meters in seawater a
diver is
exposed
to
a pressure of about 4
atmospheres.
The words
closest in meaning to
(A)
leaving behind
(B) prepared for
(C) propelled by
(D)
subjected to
155. Deep
dives are less dangerous if
helium is
substituted for nitrogen,
because under
these pressures helium does
not
exert
a similar narcotic
effect.
The word
which of
following?
(A) cause
.
(B) permit
(C) need
(D) change
156.
As a scuba diver descends, the
pressure
of nitrogen in the lungs
increases.
Nitrogen then
diffuses
from
the lungs to the blood, and from the
blood
to body tissues.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) yields
(B) starts
(C) surfaces
(D) travels
157. During ascent from a
depth of 10
meters, the volume of air
in the lungs
will double because the
air pressure at
the surface is only
half of what it was at
10 meters. This
change in volume may cause
the lungs to
distend and even
rupture.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) hurt
(B) shrink
(C) burst
(D) stop
158. In
the twentieth century, electron
microscopes have provided direct views
of
viruses and
minuscule
surface
structures.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
circular
(B) dangerous
(C)
complex
(D) tiny
159. Unlike conventional electron
microscopy, x-ray microscopy
enables
specimens
to be kept in air and in water,
which
means that biological samples can be
studied under conditions similar to
their
.
页脚
.
natural state.
The word
to which of following?
(A) constitutes
(B)
specifies
(C) expands
(D)
allows
160. Because of the
wavelength of the x-
rays used, soft
x-ray microscopes will
never match the
highest resolution
possible with
electron microscopes.
Rather,
their special
properties will
make possible
investigations that will
complement
those performed with light-and
electron-based instruments.
The word
which of
following?
(A) significantly
(B) preferably
(C) somewhat
(D) instead
161.
What they do is look at familiar
conditions from a perspective that
makes
these conditions seem foolish,
harmful, or
affected. Satire jars us
out of
complacence into a pleasantly
shocked
realization
that
many of the values we
unquestioningly
accept are false.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) certainty
(B) awareness
(C) surprise
(D) confusion
162. It was the manner of expression,
the
satiric method, that made them
interesting
and entertaining, satires
are read because
they are
aesthetically
satisfying
works
of art, not because they are
morally
wholesome or ethically
instructive.
The word
.
meaning to which of
following?
(A) artistically
(B) exceptionally
(C)
realistically
(D) dependably
163. They are stimulating
and
refreshing
because with commonsense briskness they
brush away illusions and secondhand
opinions.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) popular
(B) ridiculous
(C)
meaningful
(D) unusual
164. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals
that
movies attribute to them, nor do
ordinary
citizens
devote
their lives to
unselfish
service of humanity.
The word
which of
following?
(A) distinguish
(B) feel affection
(C)
prefer
(D) dedicate
165. Hotels were among the earliest
facilities that
bound
the United States
together. They were both creations and
creators of communities, as well as
symptoms of the frenetic quest for
community.
The word
which of following?
(A) led
(B) protected
(C) tied
(D) strengthened
166. The growing custom of
regularly
assembling
from
afar the representatives
of all kinds
of groups, not only for
.
页脚
.
political conventions, but also for
commercial, professional, learned, and
avocational ones... in turn supported
the
multiplying hotels.
The
word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) announcing
(B) motivating
(C) gathering
(D) contracting
167. In the past, as today, men, women,
and children
adorned
themselves with
beads. In some cultures still, certain
beads are often worn from birth until
death, and then are buried with their
owners for the afterlife.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) protected
(B) decorated
(C) purchased
(D) enjoyed
168.
Besides their wear ability, either as
jewelry or incorporated into articles
of
attire,
beads possess the
desirable
characteristics of every
collectible: they
are durable,
portable, available in
infinite
variety, and often valuable in
their
original cultural context as well as
in
today's market.
The word
which of following?
(A) ritual
(B) importance
(C) clothing
(D) history
169. Beads are miniature
bundles of
secrets waiting to be
revealed: their
history, manufacture,
cultural context,
economic role, and
ornamental use are all
points of
information one hopes to
.
unravel.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) communicate
(B)
transport
(C) improve
(D)
discover
170. Even the most
mundane
beads may have
traveled great distances and been
exposed
to many human experiences.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) carved
(B) beautiful
(C) ordinary
(D) heavy
171.
The crossed mandibles enable the
birds
to exert a powerful biting force at
the
bill tips, which is critical for
maneuvering them between the scales and
spreading the scales apart. Next, the
crossbill snakes its long tongue into
the
gap
and draws out the
seed.
The word
which of
following?
(A) opening
(B) flower
(C) mouth
(D) tree
172.
Next, the crossbill snakes its long
tongue into the gap and draws out the
seed.
Using the combined action of the
bill and
tongue, the birds cracks open
and
discards
the woody seed
covering and
swallows the nutritious
inner kernel.
The word
to
which of following?
(A) eats
(B) breaks
(C) finds out
(D) gets rid of
.
页脚
.
173. As a rule, large
billed crossbills
are better at seeming
seeds from large
cones while small
billed crossbills are
more
deft
at removing the seeds
from small,
thin scaled cones.
The word
which of
following?
(A) hungry
(B) skilled
(C) tired
(D) pleasant
174. This bird has a large,
robust
bill,
yet
most of Newfoundland's conifers have
small cones, the same kind of cones
that
the slender-billed white-wings
rely on.
The word
which of
following?
(A) strong
(B) colorful
(C) unusual
(D) sharp
175.
It was she, a Baltimore printer, who
published the first official copies of
the
Declaration, the first copies that
included the names of its signers and
therefore
heralded
the support of all
thirteen colonies.
The word
to which of following?
(A) influenced
(B) announced
(C) rejected
(D) ignored
176. She was also the
city's postmaster
from 1775 to 1789 ---
appointed by
Benjamin Franklin --- and
is considered to
be the first woman to
hold a federal
position
.
The
word
to which of following?
.
(A) job
(B) election
(C) document
(D) location
177. Galaxies are the
major
building
blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a
giant family of many millions of stars,
and it is held together by its own
gravitational field.
The
word
which of following?
(A) intense
(B) principal
(C) lunge
(D) unique
178. The elliptical
galaxies have a
symmetrical
elliptical or spheroidal
shape with no
obvious
structure. Most of
their member stars are very old and
since
elliptical are devoid of
interstellar gas,
no new stars are
forming in them.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A)
proportionally balanced
(B) commonly
seen
(C) typically large
(D)
steadily growing
The word
to which of following?
(A) discovered
(B) apparent
(C) understood
(D)
simplistic
179. Their light
was already halfway here
before the
Earth even formed. The light
from the
nearby Virgo galaxy set out when
reptiles still
dominated
the animal world.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) threatened
.
页脚
.
(B) replaced
(C) were
developing in
(D) were prevalent in
180. This meant that wagon
freighting,
stage coaching and steam
boating did not
come to an end when the
first train
appeared; rather they
became
supplements
or feeders.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) extensions
(B) reformers
(C) dependents
(D) influences
181. Wagon freighters continued
operating
throughout the 1870's and
1880's and into
the 1890's,although
over constantly
shrinking routes, and
coaches and wagons
continued to
crisscross
the West wherever
the rails had not yet been laid.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) lead the way
(B) separate
(C) move back
and forth
(D) uncover
182. The primary reason was
skepticism
that a
railroad built through so
challenging
and thinly settled a stretch
of desert,
mountain, and semiarid plain
could pay
a profit.
The word
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
doubt
(B) amazement
(C)
urgency
(D) determination
183. In discussing the Pacific Railroad
bill, the chair of the congressional
committee bluntly stated that without
.
government
subsidy
no one would
undertake
so unpromising a venture; yet
it was a
national necessity to link
East and West
together.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) persuasion
(B) financing
(C) explanation
(D) penalty
184. However, the concept
of number and
the counting process
developed so long
before the time of
recorded history (there
is chaeological
evidence that counting was
employed by
humans as far back as 50,000
years ago)
that the manner of this
development is
largely
conjectural.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) complex
(B) based on guessing
(C)
unbelievable
(D) supported by careful
research
185. Probably the
earliest way of keeping
a count was by
some simple tally method,
employing
the principle of
one-to-one
correspondence. In keeping a
count of
sheep, for example, one finger
per sheep
could be turned under.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) using
(B) paying
(C) focusing
(D) hiring
186.
Counts could also be
maintained
by
making
scratches in the dirt or on a stone,
by
cutting notches in a piece of wood, or
by tying knots in a string.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
.
页脚
.
(A) justified
(B) asserted
(C) located
(D) kept
187. Then, perhaps later,
an
assortment
of
vocal sounds was developed as a word
tally against the number of objects in
a
small group.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) instrument
(B) variety
(C) surplus
(D) symbol
188.
Their products, primarily silver
plates
and bowls, reflected their
exalted
status
and testified to their customers'
prominence.
The word
to which of following?
(A) unusual
(B) uncertain
(C) surprising
(D) superior
189. Colonial
coppersmithing also
came of
age
in the early eighteenth
century and
prospered in northern
cities.
The phrase
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
established itself
(B) declined
(C) became less expensive
(D) was studied
190. Fossils are the remains
and
traces
(such
as footprints or other marks ) of
ancient plant and animal life that are
more than 10,000 years old.
The word
which of
following?
(A) structures
.
(B) importance
(C)
skeletons
(D) imprints
191. The woolly mammoth, a long-haired
rhinoceros, and other mammals have been
periodically
exposed
in the tundra of
Siberia, the hair and red flesh still
frozen in cold storage.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) photographed
(B)
uncovered
(C) located
(D)
preserved
192. A useful
definition of an air
pollutant is a
compound added directly or
indirectly
by humans to the atmosphere in
such
quantities as to affect humans,
animals, vegetation, or materials
adversely.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) negatively
(B) quickly
(C) admittedly
(D)
considerably
193. As the
Earth developed, the
concentrations of
these pollutants were
altered
by various chemical
reactions;
they became components in
biogeochemical
cycles.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) eliminated
(B) caused
(C) slowed
(D) changed
194. The result is an
increased
concentration of
noxious
chemicals in the
air. The concentrations at which the
.
页脚
.
adverse effects appear will be greater
than the concentrations that the
pollutants would have in the absence of
human activities.
The word
to which of following?
(A) harmful
(B) noticeable
(C) extensive
(D) weak
195. The actual
concentration need not be
large for a
substance to be a pollutant;
in fact
the numerical value tells us
little
until we know how much of an
increase
this represents over the
concentration
that would occur naturally
in the area.
For example, sulfur dioxide
has
detectable
health effects at
0. 08
parts per million (ppm) , which
is about
400 times its natural level.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) beneficial
(B) special
(C) measurable
(D) separable
196. The
acute,
growing public awareness
of the social
changes that had been taking
place for
some time was tied to tremendous
growth
in popular journalism in the late
nineteenth century, including growth in
quantity and circulation of both
magazines
and newspapers.
The word
which of
following?
(A) useful
(B) intense
(C) genuine
(D) controversial
197. Furthermore, the introduction in
1890
of the first successful linotype
machine
.
promised even further growth. In 1872
only
two daily newspapers could claim a
circulation of over 100,000, but by
1892
seven more newspapers
exceeded
that
figure. A world beyond the immediate
community was rapidly becoming visible.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) controlled
(B) surpassed
(C) affected
(D) equaled
198.
Magazines as they are known today
began
publication around 1882, and, in
fact,
the circulation of weekly magazines
exceeded that of newspapers in the
period
which followed. By 1892, for
example, the
circulation of the Ladies'
Home Journal
had reached an
astounding
700,000.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) surprising
(B) estimated
(C)
encouraging
(D) sudden
199. It is lightweight, impermeable to
liquids, readily cleaned and reused,
durable
yet fragile, and
often very
beautiful.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) lasting
(B) delicate
(C) heavy
(D) plain
200. In effect, as molten
glass cools, it
progressively stiffens
until rigid, but
does so without
setting up a network of
interlocking
crystals
customarily
associated with that process.
The word
.
页脚
.
meaning to which of
following?
(A) naturally
(B) necessarily
(C) usually
(D) certainly
201. This is why glass shatters so
easily
when dealt a blow, why glass
deteriorates
over time, especially when
exposed to
moisture, and why glassware must be
slowly
reheated and uniformly cooled
after
manufacture to release internal
stresses
induced by uneven cooling.
The words
closest in meaning
to
(A) hardened by
(B)
chilled with
(C) subjected to
(D) deprived of
202. This is why glass shatters so
easily
when dealt a blow, why glass
deteriorates
over time, especially when
exposed to
moisture, and why glassware
must be slowly
reheated and uniformly
cooled after
manufacture to release
internal stresses
induced
by
uneven cooling.
The word
to
which of following?
(A)
joined
(B) missed
(C) caused
(D) lost
203.
The best-known specimens are the
remarkable
tracks discovered
at Lactoli,
Tanzania, by Mary Leakey.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) extraordinary
(B) enormous
(C) various
(D) orderly
.
204. The pressures
exerted
along the foot,
together with the length of stride,
which
averaged 87 centimeters,
indicated that
the hominids had been
walking slowly. In
short, all the
detectable morphological
features
implied that the feet that left
the
footprints were very little different
from those of contemporary humans.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) influenced
(B) applied
(C) returned
(D) lessened
205. The study of fossil footprints is
not
restricted
to examples
from such remote
periods. Hundreds of
prints are known, for
example, in
French caves dating from the
end of the
last ice age, approximately 10,
000
years ago.
The word
meaning
to which of following?
(A)
limited
(B) improved
(C)
continued
(D) succeeded
206. The livelihood of each species in
the
vast and
intricate
assemblage of
living
things depends on the existence
of other
organisms.
The word
to which of following?
(A) difficult
(B) widespread
(C) critical
(D) complex
207. A multitude of
microorganisms
(including viruses and
bacteria) and
an
army
of invertebrates ---
The expression
meaning to
which of following?
.
页脚
.
(A) an illness
(B) an attack
(C) a large number
(D) a
distinct type
208. Members
of the animal kingdom have
developed a
variety of defense mechanisms
for
dealing with parasites. Although these
mechanisms
vary
considerably, all major
groups of
animals are capable of detecting
and
reacting to the presence of
cells.
The word
which of
following?
(A) differ
(B) endure
(C) balance
(D) contribute
209. Unimprovised, completely
structured
jazz does exist, but the
ability of the
best jazz musicians to
create music of
great
cohesion
and beauty during a
performance has been a hallmark of the
music and its major source of
inspiration
and change.
The
word
to which of following?
(A) sorrow
(B) fame
(C) unity
(D) vibration
210. The second
distinguishing
characteristic of jazz
is a rhythmic drive
that was
initially
called
The word
to which
of following?
(A) at first
(B) shortly
(C)
alphabetically
(D) in fact
.
211. In playing hot, a musician
consciously
departs from
strict meter to
create a relaxed sense
of phrasing that
also emphasizes the
underlying rhythms.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) carelessly
(B) easily
(C) periodically
(D) purposely
212. Not all jazz is hot, however; many
early bands played
unadorned
published
arrangements of popular songs.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) lovely
(B) plain
(C) disorganized
(D) inexpensive
213. The tight arrangement
enabled
the
Mandans to protect themselves more
easily
from the attacks of others who
might seek
to obtain some of the food
these highly
capable farmers stored
from one years to
the next.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) covered
(B) reminded
(C) helped
(D) isolated
214. They had to exercise
considerable
skill to
produce the desired results, for
their
northern location meant fleeting
growing seasons.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) planning
(B) much
(C) physical
(D) new
.
页脚
.
215. This green corn was
boiled, dried,
and shelled, with some
of the maize slated
for immediate
consumption
and the rest
stored in animal-skin bags.
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) decay
(B) planting
(C) eating
(D) conversion
216. With appropriate banking of the
extrafood, the Mandans protected
themselves against the
disaster
of crop
failure and accompanying hunger.
The word
to which of
following?
(A) control
(B) catastrophe
(C)
avoidance
(D) history
217. Helium nuclei have also been found
to
be
constituents
of cosmic rays
that fall
on the earth (cosmic
a form of radiation; they consist of
rapidly moving particles of numerous
different kinds) .
The word
meaning to which of
following?
(A) relatives
(B) causes
(C) components
(D) targets
218.
Its relative abundance never seems to
vary
much. In some places,
there may be
slightly more of it; in
others, slightly
less, but the ratio of
helium to hydrogen
nucleial ways
remains about the same.
The word
which of following?
(A) mean
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