-
Which
of
the
following
best
expresses
the
essential
information
in
the
highlighted
sentence?
Incorrect
answer
choices
change
the
meaning
in
important
ways or leave out
essential information.
1.
Since
the
laws
of
physics,
not
some
arbitrary
decision,
have
determined
the
general form of applied-
art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much
so that
functional forms can vary only
within certain limits.
○
Functional
applied-art
objects
cannot
vary
much
from
the
basic
patterns
determined by the
laws of physics.
○
The function of applied-art
objects is determined by basic patterns in the
laws
of physics.
○
Since
functional
applied-art
objects
vary
only
within
certain
limits,
arbitrary
decisions cannot
have determined their general form.
○
The general form of
applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary
decision
that is not determined by the
laws of physics.
2.
The
structure
of
the
backbone
shows,
however,
that
Ambulocetus
swam
like
modern
whales
[by
moving
the
rear
portion
of
its
body
up
and
down],
even
though a fluke was
missing.
○
Even though
Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down,
it did not
have a backbone.
○
The backbone of
Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides
evidence of
its missing fluke.
○
Although
Ambulocetus
had
no
fluke,
its
backbone
structure
shows
that
it
swam like modern whales.
○
By moving the rear parts of
their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in
a different way from the way
Ambulocetus swam.
3.
The extreme
seriousness of desertification results from the
vast areas of land and
the tremendous
numbers of people affected, as well as from the
great difficulty
1
of
reversing or even slowing the process.
○
Desertification is a
significant problem because it is so hard to
reverse and
affects large areas of land
and great numbers of people.
○
Slowing down the process of
desertification is difficult because of population
growth that has spread over large areas
of land.
○
The
spread of deserts is considered a very serious
problem that can be solved
only if
large numbers of people in various countries are
involved in the effort.
○
Desertification is
extremely hard to reverse unless the population is
reduced
in the vast areas affected.
4.
He refused to
develop projection technology, reasoning that if
he made and sold
projectors,
then
exhibitors
would
purchase
only
one
machine-a
projector-from
him instead of several.
○
Edison
was
more
interested
in
developing
a
variety
of
machines
than
in
developing a technology based on only
one.
○
Edison
refused
to
work
on
projection
technology
because
he
did
not
think
exhibitors would
replace their projectors with newer machines.
○
Edison did not want to
develop projection technology because it limited
the
number of machines he could sell.
○
Edison
would
not
develop
projection
technology
unless
exhibitors
agreed
to
purchase more than one projector from
him.
5.
For
example,
people
[who
believe
that
aggression
is
necessary
and
justified-as
during
wartime-]are likely to act aggressively, whereas
people [who believe that
a
particular
war
or
act
of
aggression
is
unjust,
or
who
think
that
aggression
is
never justified,] are less likely to
behave aggressively.
○
People
who
believe
that
they
are
fighting
a
just
war
act
aggressively
while
those who believe
that
they are fighting an unjust war do
not.
2
○
People who believe that
aggression is necessary and justified are more
likely
to act aggressively than those
who believe differently.
○
People who normally do not
believe that aggression is necessary and justified
may act aggressively during wartime.
○
People
who
believe
that
aggression
is
necessary
and
justified
do
not
necessarily act aggressively during
wartime.
6.
Apprentices
were
considered
part
of
the
family,
and
masters
were
responsible
not only for
teaching their apprentices a trade but also for
providing them some
education and for
supervising their moral behavior.
○
Masters demanded moral
behavior from apprentices but often treated them
irresponsibly.
○
The
responsibilities
of
the
master
to
the
apprentice
went
beyond
the
teaching of a trade.
○
Masters preferred to
maintain the trade within the family by
supervising and
educating the younger
family members.
○
Masters who
trained members of their own family as apprentices
demanded
excellence from them.
7.
One potential problem is that opening
the mouth to breathe detracts from the
streamlining of these fishes and tends
to slow them down.
○
These
fishes often have a problem opening their mouths
while swimming.
○
The streamlining of these
fishes prevents them from slowing down.
○
The
streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down
their breathing.
○
Opening the mouth to
breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.
8.
Hills
and
mountains
are
often
regarded
as
the
epitome
of
permanence,
successfully
resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in
fact they tend to be
relatively short-
lived in geological terms.
3
○
When
they
are
relatively
young,
hills
and
mountains
successfully
resist
the
destructive forces of nature.
○
Although
they
seem
permanent,
hills
and
mountains
exist
for
a
relatively
short period of geological time.
○
Hills
and
mountains
successfully
resist
the
destructive
forces
of
nature,
but
only for a short time.
○
Hills and mountains resist
the destructive forces of nature better than other
types of landforms.
9.
The Whigs were
strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural
areas that were
fully integrated into
the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated
areas
of
semisubsistence
farming
that
were
more
isolated
and
languishing
economically.
○
Whigs
were
able
to
attract
support
only
in
the
wealthiest
parts
of
the
economy because Democrats dominated in
other areas.
○
Whig
and
Democratic
areas
of
influence
were
naturally
split
between
urban
and
rural areas, respectively.
○
The
semisubsistence
farming
areas
dominated
by
Democrats
became
increasingly isolated
by
the Whigs' control of the market
economy.
○
The
Democrats' power
was
greatest
in
poorer
areas
while the Whigs
were
strongest in those areas where the
market was already fully operating.
10.
The Fore also
displayed
familiar facial expressions when asked how they
would
respond if they were the
characters in stories
【
that
called for basic emotional
responses.
】
○
The
Fore's
facial
expressions
indicated
their
unwillingness
to
pretend
to
be
story characters.
4
○
The Fore were
asked to display familiar facial expressions when
they told their
stories.
○
The
Fore
exhibited
the
same
relationship
of
facial
expressions
and
basic
emotions
【
that is seen in Western
culture
】
when
they acted out stories.
○
The
Fore
were
familiar
with
the
facial
expressions
and
basic
emotions
of
characters in stories.
11.
【
Although her
early
theatrical
career had
included
stints
as
an
actress,
】
she
was
not
primarily
interested
in
storytelling
or
expressing
emotions
through
dance; the drama of her dancing
emanated from her visual effects.
○
Fuller was more interested
in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative
or
emotional possibilities.
○
Fuller used visual effects
to
dramatize
the stories and
emotions expressed in
her work.
强加关系
○
Fuller believed that the
drama of her dancing
sprang from
her emotional style
of
storytelling.
○
Fuller’s
focus on the visual effects of dance
resulted from
her early
theatrical
training as an actress.
12.
One
explanation
for
green
icebergs
attributes
their
color
to
an
optical
illusion
【
when
blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red
Sun
】
, but green icebergs
stand
out
among
white
and
blue
icebergs
【
under
a
great
variety
of
light
conditions
】
.
一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的
红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉；
但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色
和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。
5
○
One explanation notes that
green icebergs stand out
among other
icebergs
under a great variety of light
conditions, but this is attributed to an optical
illusion.
○
One
explanation for the color of green icebergs
attributes their color to an
optical
illusion that occurs when the light from a near-
horizon red Sun shines on a
blue
iceberg.
incomplete
○
One explanation for green
icebergs attributes their color to
a
great variety
of
light
conditions,
but
green
icebergs
stand
out
best
among
other
icebergs
when
illuminated by a near-
horizon red Sun.
○
One
explanation attributes the color of green icebergs
to an optical illusion
under
special
light
conditions,
but
green
icebergs
appear
distinct
from
other
icebergs under a great variety of light
conditions.
13.
Earth is [a target in a cosmic shooting
gallery], subject to random violent events
that were unsuspected a few decades
ago
.
○
Until
recently,
nobody
realized
that
Earth
is
exposed
to
unpredictable
violent impacts from space.
○
In the last few decades,
the risk of a random violent impact from space has
increased.
○
Since
most violent events on Earth occur randomly,
nobody can predict when
or where they
will happen.
○
A
few
decades
ago,
Earth
became
the
target
of
random
violent
events
originating in outer space.
14.
Large wind farms might also interfere
with the flight patterns of migratory birds
in certain areas, and they have killed
large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons,
and eagles) that prefer to hunt along
the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind
turbines.
○
Hawks,
falcons,
and
eagles
prefer
to
hunt
along
ridge
lines,
where
wind
turbines can kill large numbers of
migratory birds.
○
Wind
turbines
occasionally
cause
migratory
birds
to
change
their
flight
patterns
and
therefore may
interfere
with the
areas
where
birds
of prey
prefer to
6
hunt.
○
Some of the best locations
for large wind farms are places that may cause
problems for migrating birds and birds
of prey.
○
Large
wind
farms
in
certain
areas
kill
hawks,
falcons,
and
eagles
and
thus
might create a more ideal path for the
flight of migratory birds.
15.
These
plants(Dandelions)
are
termed
opportunists
because
they
rely
on
their
seeds’
falling
into
settings
where
competing
plants
have
been
removed
by
natural processes,
【
such as along an eroding
riverbank, on landslips, or where a
tree falls and creates a gap in the
forest canopy
1
.
】<
/p>
○
Because
their
seeds
grow
in
places
where
competing
plants
are
no
longer
present, dandelions are classified as
opportunists.
○
Dandelions
are
called
opportunists
because
they
contribute
to
the
natural
processes of erosion
and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.
○
The
term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall
in places where they
can
compete
with the seeds of other plants.
○
The
term
opportunists
apply
to
plants
whose
falling
seeds
are
removed
by
natural processes.
16.
If the pores
are large, the water in them will exist as drops
too heavy for surface
tension
to
hold,
and
it
will
drain
away;
but
if
the
pores
are
small
enough,
the
water in them will exist as thin films,
too light to overcome the force of surface
tension holding them in place; then the
water will be firmly held.
○
Surface tension is not
strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks
with
large
pores
but
it
strong
enough
to
hold
on
to
thin
films
of
water
in
rocks
with
small pores.
1
Shelter, cover
7
○
Water in rocks
is held in place by large pores and drains away
from small size
pores through surface
tension.
○
Small pores and
large pores both interact with surface tension to
determine
whether a rock will hold
water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
○
If
the
force
of
surface
tension
is
too
weak
to
hold
water
in
place
as
heavy
drops,
the
water
will
continue to be held
firmly
in
place
as
a thin
film when
large
pores exist.
17.
For
example,
some
early
societies
ceased
to
consider
certain
rites
essential
to
their
well-
being
and
abandoned
them,
nevertheless,
they
retained
as
parts
of
their
oral tradition the myths that had grown up around
the rites and admired
them for their
artistic qualities rather than for their religious
usefulness.
○
A
society’s
rites
were
more
likely
to
be
retained
in
the
oral
tradition
if
its
myths were admired for
artistic qualities.
○
The
artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an
essential reason for a society
to
abandon it from the oral tradition.
○
Some
early
societies
stopped
using
myths
in
their
religious
practices
when
rites ceased to be seen as useful for
social well-being.
○
Myths
sometimes
survived
in
a
society’s
tradition
because
of
their
artistic
qualities even after they were no
longer deemed religiously beneficial.
18.
Wind velocity also increases with
altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,
as is made evident by the deformed
shapes at high altitudes.
○
Because of their deformed
shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to
be
seriously harmed by the strong winds
typical of those altitudes.
○
As
altitude
increases,
the
velocity
of
winds
increase,
leading
to
a
serious
8
decrease in the number of
trees found at high altitudes.
○
The
deformed
shapes
of
trees
at
high
altitudes
show
that
wind
velocity,
which increase
with altitude, can cause serious hardship for
trees.
○
Increased wind
velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of
trees, and this
may cause serious
stress for trees.
19.
In order for
the structure to achieve the size and strength
necessary to meet its
purpose,
architecture employs methods of support that,
because they are based
on
physical
laws,
have
changed
little
since
people
first
discovered
them-even
while building materials have changed
dramatically.
○
Unchanging physical laws
have limited the size and strength of buildings
that
can be made with materials
discovered long ago.
○
Building
materials
have
changed
in
order
to
increase
architectural
size
and
strength, but physical
laws of structure have not changed.
○
When
people
first
started
to
build,
the
structural
methods
used
to
provide
strength and size were inadequate
because they were not based on physical laws.
○
Unlike building materials,
the methods of support used in architecture have
not changed over time because they are
based on physical laws.
20.
Estimates
indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to
fill Lake Huron, but
unfortunately,
under the semiarid climatic conditions that
presently exist in the
region, rates of
addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to
about half a
centimeter a year.
○
Despite
the
current
impressive
size
of
the
Ogallala
aquifer,
the
region’s
climate keeps the
rates of water addition very small.
○
Although
the
aquifer
has
been
adding
water
at
the
rate
of
only
half
a
9
centimeter a year, it will
eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake
Huron.
○
Because of the
region’s present climatic conditions, water is
being added each
year to the aquifer.
○
Even when the region
experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the
rates
of addition of water continue to
increase.
21.
Many
ecologists
now
think
that
the
relative
long-term
stability
of
climax
communities
comes
not
from
diversity
but
from
the
“patchiness
2
”
of
the
environment,
an
environment
that
varies
from
place
to
place
supports
more
kinds of organisms than
an environment that is uniform.
○
Ecologists now think that
the stability of an environment is a result of
diversity
rather than patchiness.
○
Patchy
environments
that
vary
from
place
to
place
do
not
often
have
high
species diversity.
○
Uniform
environments
cannot
be
climax
communities
because
they
do
not
support as many types of organisms as
patchy environments.
○
A
patchy
environment
is
thought
to
increase
stability
because
it
is
able
to
support a
wide variety of organisms.
22.
Perhaps,
like
many
contemporary
peoples,
Upper
Paleolithic
men
and
women
believed that the drawing of a human
image could cause death of injury, and if
that
were
indeed
their
belief,
it
might
explain
why
human
figures
are
rarely
depicted in cave art.
○
Upper
Paleolithic
people,
like
many
contemporary
peoples,
believed
that
if
they drew a human image in their cave
art, it would cause death or injury.
○
Many contemporary
people
believe
that
the
drawing
of
a
human
image
can
cause
death or injury, so they, like Upper Paleolithic
people, rarely depicted human
2
(1) : marked
by, consisting of, or diversified with patches.
(2) : irregular in appearance, makeup, or quality.
10
figures in their cave
art.
○
If Upper
Paleolithic people, like many contemporary
peoples, believed that
the
drawing
of
a
human
image
could
cause
death
or
injury,
this
belief
might
explain why human figures are rarely
depicted in cave art.
○
Although
many
contemporary
peoples
believe
that
the
drawing
of
a
human
image can cause death
or injury, researchers cannot explain why Upper
Paleolithic
people rarely depicted
human figures in their cave art.
23.
In
addition to
finding
an
increase of
suitable browse,
like
huckleberry
and
vine
maple,
Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the
Pacific Northwest, found
quality of
browse in the open areas to be substantially more
nutritive.
○
Arthur
Einarsen’s
longtime
family
with
the
Pacific
Northwest
helped
him
discover areas where deer had an
increase in suitable browse.
○
Arthur Einarsen found that
deforested feeding grounds provided deer with
more and better food.
○
Biologist like Einarsen
believe it is important to find additional open
areas with
suitable browse for deer to
inhabit.
○
According to Einarsen,
huckleberry and vine maple are examples of
vegetation
that
may
someday
improve
the
nutrition
of
deer
in
the
open
areas
of
the
Pacific
Northwest.
24.
Continued
sedimentation
—
the
process
of
deposits'
settling
on
the
sea
bottom
—
buries
the
organic
matter
and
subjects
it
to
higher
temperatures
and
pressures, which convert the organic
matter to oil and gas.
○
Higher
temperatures
and
pressures
promote
sedimentation,
which
is
responsible for petroleum
formation.
○
Deposits of sediments on
top of organic matter increase the temperature of
and pressure on the matter.
11
○
Increase
pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment
turn the organic
remains into
petroleum.
○
The
remains of microscopic organisms transform into
petroleum once they are
buried under
mud.
25.
This scenario
begins with the planting of hyper accumulating
species in the target
area, (such as an
abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated
by runoff.)
?
Before considering
phytoremediation, hyper accumulating species of
plants
local to the target area must be
identified.
?
The
investigation begins with an
evaluation
of toxic sites in the target area
to determine the extent of
contamination.
?
The
first
step
in
phytoremediation
is
the
planting
of
hyper
accumulating
plants in the area to be cleaned up.
?
Mines
and
irrigation
ponds
can
be
kept
from
becoming
contaminated
by
planting hyper accumulating species in
targeted areas.
26.
At
one
time, the animals
present
in
these
fossil
beds
were
assigned
to various
modern animal groups, but most
paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian
fossils represent unique body forms
that arose in the early Cambrian period and
disappeared
before
the
end
of
the
period,
leaving
no
descendants
in
modern
animal groups.
?
The animals
found in the Tommotian fossil bed were once
thought to belong
to a variety of
modern animal groups, but now they are thought to
have descended
from a single group.
?
Animals
in
the
Tommotian
fossil
beds
were
initially
assigned
to
modern
animal
groups but are now thought to belong to groups
that emerged and died out
during the
Cambrian period.
?
Though
at
first
they
thought
otherwise,
paleontologists
now
agree
that
the
animals
in
the
Tommotian
have
body
forms
from
which
modern
animals
have
descended.
12
?
It
is
unclear
whether
the
Tommotian
fossils
from
the
early
Cambrian
period
represent unique body
forms or whether they should be assigned to
various modern
animal groups.
27.
Contrary
to
the
arguments
of
some
that
much
of
the
pacific
was
settled
by
Polynesians
accidentally
marooned
after
being
lost
and
adrift,
it
seems
reasonable
that
this
feat
was
accomplished
by
deliberate
colonization
expeditions
that
set
out
fully
stocked
with
food
and
domesticated
plants
and
animals.
?
Some people have argued
that the Pacific was settled by traders who became
lost while transporting domesticated
plants and animals.
?
The
original Polynesian settlers were probably
marooned on the islands, but
they may
have been joined later by carefully prepared
colonization expeditions.
?
Although it seems
reasonable to believe that colonization
expeditions would
set out fully
stocked, this is contradicted by much of the
evidence.
?
The
settlement
of
the
Pacific
islands
was
probably
intentional
and
well
planned rather than
accidental as some people have proposed.
28.
Physiological immaturity may be part of
why
infants and toddlers do not form
extremely enduring memories,
even when
they hear stories
that promote such
remembering in
preschoolers.
○
Incomplete
physiological
development
may
partly
explain
why
hearing
stories does not
improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers
○
One reason why preschoolers
fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that
they are physiologically immature
○
Given
the
chance
to
hear
stories,
infants
and
toddlers
may
form
enduring
memories despite physiological
immaturity
．
○
Physiologically mature
children seem to have no difficulty remembering
stories
they heard as
preschoolers
．
13
29.
Only the last of these was suited at
all to the continuous operating of machines,
[and
although
waterpower
abounded
in
Lancashire
and
Scotland
and
ran
grain
mills
as
well
as
textile
mills,]
it
had
one
great
disadvantage:
streams
flowed
where nature intended
them to and water-driven factories had to be
located on
their banks whether or not
the location was desirable for other reasons.
○
Running
water
was
the
best
power
source
for
factories
since
it
could
keep
machines operating
continuously but
since
it
was
abundant
only
in
Lancashire
and
Scotland, most mills and factories that
were located elsewhere could not be water
driven
．
○
The disadvantage of using
waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow
in
places
that
are
the
most
suitable
for
factories
which
explains
why
so
many
water
—
powered
grain and textile mills were located in
undesirable places.
○
Since
machines could be operated continuously only where
running water was
abundant, grain and
textile mills as well as other factories tended to
be located only
in Lancashire and
Scotland
．
○
Running
water
was
the
only
source
of
power
that
was
suitable
for
the
continuous operation of machines, but
to make use of it factories had to be located
where the water was, regardless of
whether such locations made sense otherwise.
30.
But as more and more accumulations of
strata were cataloged in more and more
places,
it
became
clear
that
the
sequences
of
rocks
sometimes
differed
from
region to region and that
no
rock type was ever going to become a reliable time
marker throughout the
world
．
○
The discovery of regional
differences in the sequences of rocks led
geologists to
believe that
rock types could someday become reliable time
markers
．
○
Careful analysis of strata
revealed that rocks cannot establish geological
time
because the pattern of rock layers
varies from place to place
．
○
Smith's
catalogs
of
rock
strata
indicated
that
the
sequences
of
rocks
are
different from place to place and from
region to region
．
○
Because people
did not catalog
regional
differences in sequences of rocks. It
was believed that rocks could never be
reliable time markers
14
31.
Like the
stone of Roman wall, [which were held together
both by the regularity of
the design
and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement,] so
the various parts
of the Roman realm
were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity [by
physical,
organizational, and
psychological controls.]
○
The regularity and power of
stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify
the parts of their realm.
○
Although the Romans used
different types of designs when building their
walls,
they used regular controls to
maintain their realm.
○
Several types of control
united the Roman realm, just as design and cement
held Roman walls together.
○
Romans built walls to unite
the various parts of their realm into a single
entity,
which was controlled by
powerful laws.
32.
Unlike
in
the
Americas,
where
metallurgy
was
a
very
late
and
limited
development, Africans had iron from a
relatively early date, developing ingenious
furnaces
to
produce
the
high
heat
needed
for
production
and
to
control
the
amount of air that reached the carbon
and iron ore necessary for making iron.
○
While
American
iron
makers
developed
the
latest
furnaces,
African
iron
makers continued using
earlier techniques.
○
Africans
produced
iron
much
earlier
than
Americans,
inventing
technologically sophisticated heating
systems.
○
Iron
making
developed
earlier
in
Africa
than
in
the
Americas
because
of
the ready availability of
carbon and iron ore.
○
Both
Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for
making iron early,
but African
metallurgy developed at a slower rate.
15
33.
As a result
of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of
Gibraltar,
【
where the
Mediterranean
now
connects
to
the
Atlantic,
】
opened,
and
water
cascaded
spectacularly back
into the Mediterranean.
○
The
strait
of
Gibraltar
reopened
when
the
Mediterranean
and
the
Atlantic
became
connected
and
the
cascades
of
water
from
one
sea
to
the
other
caused
crustal adjustments and faulting.
○
The
Mediterranean
was
dramatically
refilled
by
water
from
the
Atlantic
when
crustal
adjustments
and
faulting
opened
the
Strait
of
Gibraltar,
the
place
where the two seas are
joined.
○
The
cascades
of
water
from
the
Atlantic
to
the
Mediterranean
were
not
as
spectacular as the crustal adjustments
and faulting that occurred when the Strait of
Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
○
As a result of crustal
adjustments and faulting and the creation of the
Strait of
Gibraltar, the Atlantic and
Mediterranean were connected and became a single
sea
with spectacular cascades of water
between them.
34.
Many
plants
and
animals
disappear
abruptly
from
the
fossil
record
as
one
moves
from
layers
of
rock
【
documenting
the
end
of
the
Cretaceous]
up
into
rocks
【
representing
the
beginning
of
the
Cenozoic
3
(the
era
after
the
Mesozoic
4
)
】
.
○
The fossil record suggests
that there was an abrupt extinction of many plants
and animals at the end of the Mesozoic
era.
○
Few fossils of the
Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark
the end
of the Cretaceous.
○
Fossils
[from
the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the
beginning of the
Cenozoic
era]
have been removed
from
the layers of rock that surrounded them.
○
Plants
and
animals
from
the
Mesozoic
era
were
unable
to
survive
in
the
Cenozoic
era.
35.
But
detractors
maintain
that
the
terraces
could
also
have
been
created
by
3
4
新生代的
中生代
16
geological activity,
【
perhaps related to the
geologic forces that depressed the
Northern Hemisphere far below the level
of the south,
】
in
which case they have
nothing whatever
to do with Martian water.
○
But detractors argue that
geological activity may be responsible for the
water
associated with the terraces.
○
But detractors argue that
the terraces may have been formed by geological
activity rather than by the presence of
water.
○
But detractors argue
that the terraces may be related to geological
forces
in
the Northern
Hemisphere of Mars
, rather than to
Martian water
in the south.
○
But
detractors
argue
that
geological
forces
depressed
the
Northern
Hemisphere so far
below the level of the south that the terraces
could not have been
formed by water.
36.
Fladmark's hypothesis received
additional support from the fact that the greatest
diversity
in
Native
American
languages
occurs
along
the
west
coast
of
the
Americans, suggesting that this region
has been settled the longest.
○
Because this region has
been settled the longest, it also displays the
greatest
diversity in Native American
languages.
○
Fladmark's
hypothesis
states
that
the
west
coast
of
the
Americas
has
been
settled longer than any other region.
○
The
fact
that
the
greatest
diversity
of
Native
American
languages
occurs
along the west coast of the Americans
lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.
○
According to Fladmark,
Native American languages have survived the
longest
along the west coast of the
Americas.
37.
There
appear
to
be
many
unexplored
matters
about
the
motivation
to
reflect-
for example, the
value
【
of externally
motivated reflection
】
as opposed
to that of
【
teachers who might reflect
by habit.
】
17