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Unit 1:
Economic
globalization:
the
integration
of
national
economic
into
the
international
economy
through
trade,
foreign
direct
investment
capital
flows,
migration,
and
the
spread of
technology.
Barter system:
(
物物交换
)
farming
communities traded their surplus produce in
exchange for products and services
without the medium of money.
Global village
: all the
different parts of the world form one community
linked
together by electronic
communications, especially the
internet.
Melting
pot
: a socio-cultural assimilation of
people of different backgrounds and
nationalities.
Culture
:
a
learned
set
of
shared
interpretations
about
beliefs,
values,
and
norms,
which affect the
behavior of a relatively large group of
people.
Cultural
diversity
: the mix of people from
various backgrounds in the labor force
with a full mix of cultures and sub-
cultures to which members belong.
Communication
: meaning to
share with or to make common, as in giving to
another a
part to share of your
thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
Intercultural
communication
:
communication
between
people
whose
cultural
perception and
symbol systems are distinct enough alter the
communication event .
Components of Communication
Source
: The source is the
person with an idea he or she desires to
communicate.
Encoding
: Encoding is the
process of putting an idea into a
symbol.
Message
:
The
term
message
identifies
the
encoded
thought.
Encoding
is
the
process ,the verb; the message is the
resulting object.
Channel:
The
term
channel
is
used
technical
to
refer
to
the
means
by
which
the
encoded
message is transmitted. The channel or
medium, then, may be print, electronic, or
the light and sound waves of the face-
to-face communication.
Noise
: The term noise
technically refers to anything that the message
the source
encodes.
Receiver
: The receiver is
the person who attends to the message.
Decoding
:
The
receiver
is
actively
involved
in
the
communication
process
by
assigning meaning to the
symbols received.
Receiver
response
: It refers to anything the
receiver does after having attended
to
and decoded the message.
Feedback
: Feedback refers to
that portion of the receiver response of which the
source has knowledge and to which the
source attends and assigns meaning.
Context
: The final component
of communication is context. Generally, context
can
be
defined
as
the
environment
in
which
the
communication
takes
places
and
which
helps
define the
communication
.
1.
What are the
four trends that make our world more
interdependent (p8~9)
Four
trends that lead to the development of the global
village: Convenient
transportation
systems/
Innovative
新
进
的
communication
systems/
Economic
globalization/Widespread
migrations
2.
What are the three ingredients of
culture
☆
Artifacts (the material and
spiritual products people produce)
☆
Behavior (what they
do)
☆Concepts(beliefs,
values, world, views…)(what they think)
3.
How to
understand cultural iceberg
☆
Just as an iceberg which
has a visible section above the waterline and
a
large
invisible
section
below
the
waterline,
culture
has
some
aspects
that
are
observable
and others that
can only be
suspected and
imaged
.
☆
Also like an iceberg,
the
part of culture
that is visible is only a small
part of a much bigger whole.
It is said nine-tenth of culture is
below the
surface.
(p7)
注：文学手势：
The aspects of
culture that are
explicit, visible,
taught.
（详述的，明确）
看法友谊：
The
aspects
of
culture
that
are
intangible
and
not
taught
directly.
难以理解
4.
What are the
characteristic of culture
☆
Culture is shared.
All communications take place by means
of
symbols
.
☆
Culture
is
learned.
Culture
is
learned,
not
inherited.
It
derives
from
one’s
social environment,
not from one’s genes.
Enculturation
(
文化
习得
):
all
the
activities
of
learning
one’s
culture
are
called enculturation.
☆
Culture is dynamic.(p6)
culture is subject to change.
I
t’s dynamic rather
than
static,
constantly
changing
and
evolving
under
the
impact
of
events
and
through contact with other
cultures.
Acculturation
(
文化适应
)
:
the
process
which
adopts
the
changes
brought
about
by another culture and
develops an increased similarity between the two
cultures.
☆
Culture
is
ethnocentric
(=ethnocentrism
文化中心主义
)
.Ethnocent
rism
is
the
belief that your own cultural
background is superior.
5.
What are the six characteristics of
communication
Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/
systematic/ transactional/ contextual
☆
Communication is
dynamic.
Communication
is
ongoing,
ever-
changing
activity.
A
word
or
action
does
not
stay
frozen
when
you
communicate;
it
is
immediately
replaced
with
yet
another
word or
action.
☆
Communication is
irreversible.
不可逆的
Once
we
have
said
something
and
someone
else
has
received
and
decoded
the
message, the original sender cannot
take it back.
☆
Communication is
symbolic.
符号的
Symbols are central to the communication process
because they represent
the
shared
meanings
that
are
communicated.
Symbols
are
vehicle
by
which
the
thoughts and ideas of one person can be
communicated to another person.
☆
Communication is
systematic
系统的
Communication
does
not
occur
in
isolation
or
in
a
vacuum
（真空）
,
but
rather
is
part
of
a
large
system.
It
takes
place
in
a
physical
and
a
social
context
;
both
establish the rules that govern the
interaction.
☆
Communication is
transactional. (P8)
相互作用的
A transactional view holds that
communicators are
simultaneously
（同时
地）
sending
and
receiving
messages
at
every
instant
that
they
are
involved
in
conversation.
☆
Communication is
contextual. (P8)
文脉的，前后关系的
All communication takes place within
a setting or situation called a
context.
By
context,
we
mean
the
place
where
people
meet,
the
social
purpose
for being together, and the nature of
the relationship. Thus the context
includes
the physical,
social, and interpersonal settings.
Unit 2-4:
Pragmatics:
（语用论）
the study of effect that language has
on human perceptions
and
behavior.
Semantics
:
（语义学）
the study of the
meaning of words.
Denotation
:
（本意）
the
literal
（原意，字面）
meaning or
definition of a word ---
the explicit,
particular, defined meaning.
Connotation:
（言外之意）
the
suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values,
judgments,
and
beliefs
implied
by
a
word.
The
historical
and
associative
a
ccretion(
积累，堆积，添加生长
) of the
unspoken significance behind the literal
meaning.
Taboo:
（禁忌）
some
objects,
words
or
actions
that
are
avoided
by
a
particular
group
of people, or in certain culture for
religious or social reasons.
Euphemism:
（委婉语）
the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague
term for
one considered
harsh
刺耳严厉
,
blunt
率直
钝
, or
offensive
讨厌的，攻击的
.
6. How is Chinese addressing different
from American addressing(
三方面
)P22~24
In Chinese the
surname
（姓）
comes first and
is followed by the given name/ but
in
English this order is reversed.
Addressing by names:
In
China seniority
年长
is paid
respect to. Juniors are
supposed to
address seniors in a proper way. The use of given
names is limited to
husband
and
wife,
very
close
friends,
juniors
by
elders
or
superiors/
Nowadays,
more
and
more
English-
speaking
people
address
others
by
using
the
first
name,
even
when
people
meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)
（
亲密平等
）
Addressing
by
relationship:
Chinese
often
extend
kinship
亲属
terms
to
people
not
related by blood or marriage. These
terms are used after the surname to show
politeness
and
respect/
The
English
equivalents
of
the
above
kinship
terms
are
not
so used. Even with
relatives, Americans tend to use just the first
name and leave
out the term of
relationship.
Addressing by
title, office, profession:
Another
common Chinese
form of address
is the use of a
person
’
s title, office,
profession to indicate the
person
’
s
influential
status.
In
English,
only
a
few
occupations
or
titles
could
be
used.
(P24)
Americans tend to regard titles as
trivial unless they have a clear idea of what
kind of work a person does and what his
responsibilities are.
（
Doctor, Judge, Governor,
Mayor, Professor, Nurse and ranks in the armed
forces
like
Captain
）
7. What
are the social functions of compliments (p60)(
答案
p50
第一段
)<
/p>
case
1,case
2(p17);
case
4(p19);
case
2(p43);
case
3(p45);
case
1(p67);
case
3(p69)
Unit
5:
Chronemic:
时间学
the study of how people
perceive and use time.
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