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跨文化交际unit4解析

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2021-01-30 07:01
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2021年1月30日发(作者:familiar用法)



Unit 4


词汇与意义



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教学内容:



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1


)词汇的概念意义、内涵意义 、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。



?



2


)中英词汇对比



?


基本要求:



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了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位,掌握词汇的几种意义,中英语言在词汇方面 存在的


差别。重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。



Importance



?


If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of


the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is


most readily seen in words.


Section 1 Types of meanings


?


1. Conceptual meaning


概念意义



?


the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(


认知的


), referential (


指示



), or denotative


(外延的)



content.


?


also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning


外延意义


, dictionary meaning or literal


meaning


字面意义



of a word.



Features of



Conceptual meaning


概念意义




?


1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful


linguistic units. It’s recorded in the dictionary.



?


E.g.


woman-an adult female human being.


?


Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking


?


2. It can be divided into some semantic components(


语义成



?



).


?


Woman: +animate(


有生命


) +human(



)



- male (


男性


) -adult(


成年


)I


?


boy




?


3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members


of the same speech community.



But it may also vary.


?


Manuscript =“


手稿







now also including


文稿


printed from typewriter or computer



Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning




?


walk



?


to


move


forward


by


placing


one


foot


in


front


of


the


other.



The


newlyweds


新婚夫妇



strolled



down


漫步



the streets of Paris.



?


The wealthy businessman


swaggered


大摇大摆地



into the restaurant and demanded a table.



The overweight man


lumbered


笨重地行动



along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.





?


These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings


内涵意义


, have the same conceptual


meaning.



The English Words unique in English culture


?


A. words related with geography


?


e.g.


New


England,


Canberra,


Northern


Ireland,


Sydney,


London,


Edinburgh,


Greenwich,


Quebec,


Ottawa,



?


The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains


(落基山脉)


, The Mississippi


River, The Niagara Falls,



?


koala, kangaroo, tornado(


龙卷风


)


?


The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon Valley, Yellowstone Park,



?


Summary



A ll


these


have


their


own


geographical


features:


places,


plants


and


animals


uniquely


found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures




Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their


distinctive geographical and cultural features.



The English Words unique in English culture


?


A. words related with geography


?


e.g.



?


U.S.A:


New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Yellowstone


Park, Silicon Valley


?


Britain:


British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose


?


Canada:


Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,



?


Australia:


Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo



?


B. words and history


?


the May Flower


?


(the ship in which a group of



?


British Puritans who were also



?


known as pilgrim fathers sailed to



?


America in 1620.


?


The revolutionary war


?


( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between


1775-1783)


?


Scalp(


头皮


)


?


(to


tear


the


skin


on


the


top


and


back


of


head


and


the


hair


attached


from


an


enemy


by


an


North


American Indian as a trophy


战利品


)


?







?


Knight



?


(a


man


given


the


rank


of


knighthood


by


the


British


Monarch


in


recognition


of


merits


in


public


service)




?


Hippy/Hippie


?


(a


young


man


and


young


woman


who


rejects


authority,


existing


institutions


and


conventional


attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)




?


C. word and politics


?



USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party,


The Republican Party, the Supreme Court


?


Great Britain: Parliament


议会


:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the


sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.


议会两院尤指英国 由上议院和下议院构


成的国家立法机关


;


Prime


Minister,


The


Conservative


Party,


The


Labour


Party,


Supreme


Court


of


Judicature


司法





?


Gov ernor


行政长官



?


the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.



?


Governor general


总督



?


the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.


?


e.g. The Canadian Governor General




?


Constitutional monarchy


君主立宪制



?


a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution


and laws of the nation



D. words and religion



?


Bible


?


a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament


?


reformation:

< p>
宗教改革



?


a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the


formation of Protestant Churches.


?


Christmas box


耶诞礼物或礼金



?


money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.


?


Boxing day


节礼日



?


the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England


?


Easter


?


the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full


moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.



E. words and Holidays


Christmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stocking


Father Christmas), Santa Claus(A)



?


F. words and currency


?


Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel


?


G


. Words and law


?


Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)


?


H. Words and way of life


?


Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress;


subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,



?


I. words and sports


?


Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket


?


J. words and sex


?


Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse


?


K. words and personality


?


GB: reserve, practical, insularism


偏执



?


USA





individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism



English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning


?


1. Intellectual--


知识分子



?


2. social sciences--


社会科学



?


3. drugstore--


药店



?


[



]


杂货店


(


出售药物、糖果、饮料


,


化妆品,杂志及其他杂物的店铺


)


?


4. Morning=


午夜


+


凌晨


+


黎明


+


早晨


+


上午



?


5. Young(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------


老中青





?


Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences



between the words in each pair

< br>?


yard--


院子



?


peasant--


农民


?


idealist-


唯心主义 者



?


materialist--< /p>


唯物主义者





家庭


)


?




An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met


again.


?




A: Have you started a family'!


?




B: Oh, yes. You attended my wedding, remember?



?




A: I mean if you've had children.



?




Here


we


see


that


'


family'


means


more


than


jiating


(


家庭


)



though


they


seem


to


be


equivalents.


2. Connotative meaning


内涵意义



?


the implication


(含义,暗示)



of words, apart from its primary meaning.


It


is


the


communicative


value


that


an


expression


has


in


addition


to


the


purely


conceptual


meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual


?


E.g. Woman


?


Physical: biped(


双足的


), having a womb(


子宫


)


?


Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail


脆弱的


, emotional, prone to tears,


irrational,


incons tant







,subject


to


maternal


instinct,


behavior:


capable


of


speech,


experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,



?


Dog


?


loyal to owner, fierce


凶猛的


, violent




Features of Connotative meaning


内涵意义



?


1.


Despite


cultural


background


difference,


some


corresponding


words


in


two


languages


may


convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger,


老虎


--cruelty


?


E.g. Woman


?


2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning


?



, book


?


老,


old


?


同志,


comrade


?


宣传,



propaganda


?


狗,


dog



Connotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.



?


E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe


?





















like a prison, cold, boring



?


终身大事



?


工作?



事业?



婚姻


?


生死?




?


Connotative meaning may change with the times going


?


E.g.



traditional: positive in the past


?


























“old, conservative” at present






?


3. Social meaning


社会意义



?



Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use,


such


as


the


language


users(


who


are


using


the


language),


settings


(where


is


language


used),


topics (what are language users are talking or writing).





?


E.g





?


home (general) ,




residence (formal),




domic ile



law


, abode (literature),



?







horse,






steed


(战马)


, nag


(老马)


,




















gee-gee


< br>child




?







throw(general) ,






cast (literature and religious),










chuck(slang)









?







salt, sodium chloride










?







disobedient, recalcitrant


反抗的



?


A good selection of words is important.


Exercise




?


Words


which


stand


for


what


people


do


in


order


to


make


a


living:


job,


vocation,


profession,


occupation, career, trade, work



?


Profession


(an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or scien ces)


所指


的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度 ,具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。通常指


脑力劳动。例如:


t he teaching profession(


教书的职业


)



the profession of journali sm(


新闻业


)



?


以前


profession< /p>


专指三种职业:法律、医药、神学,称作


the learned professions(


学者的职业


)




?



而随着技术的发展和职业的细化


(occupational specialization)



渐渐越来越多的职业可以划 归到


“profession”


中,


如 :


engineers(


工程师


)



educationalists(


教育 家


)



accountants(


会计


)



现在


profession


覆盖的范围更大了。






?


Vocation (the particular occupation for which you are trained)


是指 经过训练后从事的职业,需


要一定职业技能。


vocation al education(


职业教育


)



vocational school(


职业学校


)




?



?


Occupation (the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money)


指生活中为了赚钱而


从事的主要活动。我们可以说

< br>By


occupation


she


is


a


housewife.(< /p>


她的职业就是做家务。


)



occupational disease


则是职业病。




?


Trade (the skilled practice of a practical occupation)


更侧重技巧、手艺而非高深的 学问、理论


等。如:


carpenter(

木匠


)



barber(


理发师


)


等。我们说



三十六行



这里的




就是


trade




?



?


Career (long-term or lifelong job)


指长期的,


甚至终身从事的职业。


a career soldier(


职业军人


)



a career politician(


职业政客


)




?



?


wo rk


它是泛指一切长期从事的职业,


不管专业、


技巧,


不管是否需要学问等等。


“What's your


work?”(


你做什么工作


?)


是最常见的问别人工作的一句话。



?



?


Job (a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee)


常指一件具体工


作。


You have done a good job



(


你做的很好。


)


暑期工就可以是

a summer job



His job is to sell


newspapers.(


他的活就是卖报纸。


)



Social Meanings of Some English Words



?


Table 1



2



Pairs of synonyms in English


?


Table 3 Triples of synonyms in English



4.


Affective (emotional) meaning


情感意义



?


Communicated when feelings or attitudes are expressed either directly or indirectly in language.


?


Affective


meaning


can


be


expressed


by


conceptual


meaning,


connotative


meaning


and


interjection(


感叹词


).


?


E.g.(1) I am firm.


?









You are obstinate.


(固执己见,执迷不悟)



?









He is a pig-headed fool.


(愚蠢的固执)



?






(2) stingy


(吝啬的,小气的)



vs frugal


(节俭的,朴素的)



?






(3) skinny, well-built, slender, thin,



?











fat




plump



?


(4) neutral: landlord, capitalist, boss, lover


?







negative:


地主,资本家,工头,情人



?


Examples


?


周总理是一位杰出的政治家。



?


Premier Zhou is an outstanding statesman.



The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future


of his people.


5.


Reflected meaning


反映意义



?


It is communicated when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense of the


word.


指听话人在听到一个词时所联想到的这个词的其他词义。



?


E.g.(1) Comforter




Holy Ghost==


上帝



?







(2) Venus


(金星)


=the morning star, the evening star(


定更星


)


?






(3) greenhouse,


温室



?






(4) black tea


,红茶



?






(5) stop watch, desk watch;


挂钟,座钟



?






(6) contact lenses;


隐形眼镜


---cause and result




6.


Collocative meaning


搭配意义



?


It is composed of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.


词汇在同一语境中共现。由一个词从经常与它连用的词语引起的联想构成。



?


E.g.(1) pretty--handsome


?


Pretty: girl, boy, woman, flower, garden, color, village…



?


Handsome: boy, m


an, car,



overcoat, airliner, typewriter…



?











?


Vice


副,


次 ,


代理


:


vice- chairman, vice-president



Ass ociate


副,



:


associate professor, associate


director, associate editor


,借自拉丁语



?


Assistant:


assistant manager, assistant secretary


?


Deputy:



deputy


director,


deputy


chief-of- staff(


参谋长)


,deputy


mayor,


deputy


head,


deputy


command-in-chief


在上级不在的时候代行职责,源于法语



?


Lieutenant:


lieutenant governor, lieutenant general


?


Under


: undersecretary (of state, US)


,源于英语





?


Connotative meanings, social meanings and affective meanings, reflected meanings and collocative


meanings can be grouped together as associative meanings


(联想意义)


.

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