英语辩论素材

英语辩论赛技巧（外研社辩论赛思辨和语言训练）

来源：

顾菲的日志

更多演讲、辩论精彩，请阅读：

上海外国语大学（

SISU

）跨文化新设置课程

21

世纪杯英语演讲比赛即兴演讲遵循的原则

2010

外研社英语辩论赛成为好辩手

（辩论题目）

Does Criticism Do More Harm Than Good

2010

英语即兴演讲比赛环节模板

Introduction About Debate

MATTER

素材

1. ?Matter? relates to the issues in debate, the case being presented

and the material used to substantiate argumentation.

2. The issues under debate should be correctly prioritized (by

teams) and ordered (by individuals), dealing with the most

important/pertinent first.

3. Matter should be logical and well reasoned.

4. Matter should be relevant, both to the issue in contention and

the cases being advanced.

5. Matter should be persuasive.

wNo ?new matter? is to be introduced during Reply Speeches. The

Reply Speech presents teams with an opportunity to focus on the major

issue(s) in the debate and the way in which both teams approach that

?point of Clash?. The Reply Speech should also give an ?optimistic

overview? of the general approach to the debate by both sides and

focus on the relative merits of the case by the side Replying, and the

relative weaknesses in the case of the opposing team.

wAll speakers should develop ?positive matter? in advancing their

respective cases. While an Opposition team may win by demonstrating

that the Government has not proved the motion true, they should not

rely purely on their rebuttal of the Government case and will likely

benefit from presenting positive matter in opposition to the motion.

MANNER

辩论风格

a) Vocal Style: Volume, clarity, pronunciation, pace, intonation,

fluency, confidence, and authority.

b) Language: Conversational.

c) Use of notes: Should not distract, should not be read.

d) Eye Contact: With audience.

e) Gesture: Natural, appropriate.

f) Sincerity: Believability.

g) Personal Attacks: (derogatory comments are not to be

tolerated).

h) Humor: Effectiveness, appropriateness.

METHOD

辩论方法

The major influence on an adjudicator must be: ?Is the speaker?s

and team?s Method EFFECTIVE in advancing the case??

a) Organization: The structuring of individual arguments and

ordering of collective arguments in the speech

es .

b) Issue Selection: The identification of relevant points of clash in

the round.

c) Perspective: The ability to explain the relevance of individual

arguments to the motion being argued.

d) Refutation: The willingness and ability to engage and critique

the points offered by the opposing team.

e) Teamwork: The degree to which the members of a team work

together to collectively advance a strategy.

How to Choose Motions?

Prioritization of 3 Motions Given Based on:

a) Knowledge Resource of Team members

How much do we know of this issue?

b) Debating Positions of Your Team

What advantage will we have with this motion as

Government/Opposition team?

c) Knowledge of Opposing Team?s status

What are the strengths/weaknesses of our Opponents in this

debate?

Case Construction involves:

Defining the Motion & Creating Arguments that support it:

Defining the Motion means

a) Clearly stating meanings of “key terms”

E.g. “This House believes that professional athletes are good role

models for Chinese youth.”

b) Establish Team Line (Base Line) & Split:

Motion

(

THBT the world is a global village

)

Team Line/Base Line/Stance

Because of the existence of interdependence and common interest

Spilt/Case Division

This is true in the a) social arena, b) geopolitical realm and c)

economic sphere

c) Creating Arguments that support it

wPrioritize the Arguments with the strongest presented first to

prove global interdependence and growing common interest:

wArgument 1 (1stSpeaker)

wSocial Arena --evidence, case studies, statistics, trend analysis,

etc

wArgument 2 (1stSpeaker)

wGeopolitics --ditto

wArgument 3 (2ndSpeaker)

wGlobal Economics --ditto

w3rd Speakers must not carry new arguments

Setting Opposition Case

wProposing “Status Quo”

“Why change when things are fine now …”

wOffering a “Counter Proposal”

“Our plan works better than yours ….?

wProvide “Positive Objections”

“Yours does not work and will be harmful to…”

w** Oppn needs to have team line, split, prioritized arguments in

1stand 2ndSpeakers too!

Refutation Strategies

wWhat are Rebuttals?

Arguments raised in response to Oppn?s arguments. Comprises

analysis of why Oppn is wrong, is consistent with own case, as well

support/reinforce own team line

wHow to do it?

State what argument is rebutted, explain flaw(s) in argument,

support it with evidence. examples, case studies, and finally linking it

relevantly to your side of the topic.

Rebutting Parts of Arguments

w1. Factual Error: Your argument is factually wrong

“Your statistics/example/case studies are wrong

because ….”

w2. Your argument is not supported by any evidence

“You merely asserted that ... without providing any relevant

examples…”

consequences of your argument are not acceptable

(morally, socially, etc)

w“How could you ban smoking in pubs whe

n it violates the right of

the smoker and his friends to socialize together …”

Important: Your argument is correct but has little weight in

this debate

w“Your policy helps on the minority, the smokers, but what about

the majority of the non-smokers who have to inhale second-hand

smoke in pubs …”

argument is illogical

–

the conclusions do not follow from

the premises

w“You claim that banning cigarette advertisements on TV will

cause more young people to smoke as it makes smoking more

mysterious and enticing, like a forbidden fruit, but I submit to you that

the opposite is more likely to be true: banning a steady stream of

advertisements depicting smoking as glamorous/attractive will

REDUCE

the number of young people who smoke.”

w6. Not Relevant/Irrelevant:

w“The fact that smoking causes cancer is not relevant to this

debate because the issue at hand is the right of individual citizens to

make informed choices concerning their own personal health ….”

w7. Contradiction in Opponents? Argume

nts

wPoint out that the speakers/team are not clear about their own

case. To be able to catch the opponents contradicting themselves

requires good tracking skills, that is, skills in good note-taking and

Active Listening.

w8. Failure to perform roles/responsibilities declared

wPM: “ To totally destroy the Opposition and win today?s debate,

the Government will do the following 3 things:

wshow that women are stronger than men

wshow that women are smarter than men

wshow that women are wiser leaders than men

w

to prove that women are true heroes of the New Millennium.”

wTo damage the opponents, point out their failure to cover the

areas they promised to go over in the PM?s speech.

Rebutting the Case as a Whole

wTo break down the case of the opponents, it is not enough to

rebut each/all/random arguments put forth by them.

wWinning a debate will require you to systematically break down a

team?s case.

Here are the questions/points to consider

w1 What is their approach to the case? Is it flawed? Why?

w2 What tasks did they set themselves? Did they address them?

What problems are there in the way they address them?

w3 What is the general emphasis of the case? What assumptions

are made? Can they be refuted?

w4 What are the key arguments of the other side? How can they be

shown to be flawed?

on identifying the key issues/arguments which are used

to support the case of the opponents and then systematically breaking

them down by showing that they cannot stand up to scrutiny.