-
Aspects
of
constructive
feedback
：
1.
Use
of
“
I
statements
”
instead of vague statements such as
“
someone
said
”
or
“
other
people
think
”
; being with the
intent to help versus blame
Aspects
of
constructive
feedback
：
2.
Informing
others
about
the
link
between
behavior
and
outcomes,
rather
than
judging
character
or
speculating
about
intention.3.
Highlighting
specific
examples
of expectations or
needs not being met.
Aspects
of constructive
feedback
：
4.
Focusing
on
“
the
here
and
now
”
;
addressing
specific,
rather
than
general
issues
represented
by
“
You
always/never
”
types of statements.
】
Basics
of
Successful
Intercultural
Communication<
/p>
跨文化沟通成
功的要诀
:
Intercultural
AwarenessActive
involvement,
positive
assessment,
and
constructive
feedback
Basics
of
successful
communication:
intercultural
awareness,
active
involvement,
positive
assessment, and constructive feedback.
美国等移民国家文化事实上兼有现在时间取向和未来时间取向
的
价值观。他们虽然重视未来，但是其目光往往投注在短期的未来上
面，做任何事情都希望立竿见影，对它们来说，最多一两年就要出
效益，五年十年都
属于太长远的规划。在跨文化商务活动中，如果
某项目不能在短期内取得收益，美国人往
往会放弃交易。
关于时间价值取向
：
“过去时间取向”的文化（中日印英法等有悠
久历史文化的国
家）重视传统经验，社会主流价值倾向于保守，视
社会稳定为头等大事，民众心态容易满
足，社会地位升迁容易论资
排辈；
“未来时间取向”的文化（美
国、澳大利亚、新西兰等移民
国家）不喜欢立规矩，行事常不循经验，未来至上。
Polychronic
people
have
a
strong
tendency
to
build
lifetime
relationships
whereas
people
from
monochronic
culture
are
accustomed to short-term
relationships.
Polychronic people change plans often
and easily; they are more
concerned
with
those
who
are
closely
related
(family,
friends,
close
business
associates)
than
with
privacy;
they
borrow
and
lend
things
often
and
easily;
they
base
promptness
on
the
relationship;
Polychronic
people:
do
many
things
at
a
time;
are
highly
distractible
and
subject
to
interruptions;
consider
time
commitments
an
objective
to
be
achieved,
if
possible;
are
high-context
and
already
have
information;
are
committed
to
people and human
relationships;
Monochronic people are concerned about
not disturbing others;
they
follow
rules
of
privacy
and
consideration;
they
show
great
respect for private property and seldom
borrow or lend.
Monochronic
people:
do
one
thing
at
a
time;
take
time
commitments(deadlines,
schedules)seriously;
are
low-context
and
need
information;
are
committed
to
the
job;
adhere
religiously
to
plans;
emphasize
promptness;
are
accustomed
to
short-term relationships.
单向计时制文化（如美国）还有一个显著特征：做事无论好坏
必须
有结果，工作程序简单直接，讲求即时回报，致力于在最短的时间
< br>内获取最大的收益，
如无成效就会立即停止。
而多向计时
制文化
（如
日本）重视长远利益，做事不急于求成，注重来日方
长，所以先建
立人际关系，然后耐心等待水到渠成的时机。
在“单向计时制文化”中，人们时间观念很强，凡事必订计划
，并
严格按照先后次序执行。
“一心一用”是单向计时制文化最
大的特
征，即从不在同一时间段做两件事。而“多向计时制文化”中流行
“一心多用”
，生意人常同时与多人预约，并就不同的事务进行商
讨，这种做法会伤害单向计时制文化中的人。
<
/p>
这不完全是偏见，中国企业的确有此类问题。
“拿来主义”已经成
为一种国民价值观，这才是个真正的大问题。
过去时间取向文化重视传统和经验：中国、印度、英国等
; <
/p>
现在时
间取向文化不为传统所束缚，强调当前利益，不大重视未来
；
“今
朝有酒今朝醉”
，
某些非洲国家文化
;
未来时间取向文化：
不相信经
验，不重视甚至蔑视传统，崇尚变革，喜新厌旧，相信“明天会
更
好”
，美国是典型的未来时间取向国家。
Time Orientation
< br>时间取向
（时间价值观）
1
，<
/p>
Past-oriented cultures
过去时间取向文
化重视传统和经验：中国、印度、英国等
;2
，
Present-oriented cultures
现在时间取向文化
,
某些非洲国家文化
;3
< br>，
Future-oriented
cultures
未来时间取向文化，美国是典型的未来时
间取向国家。
第六讲：时间观念与跨文化交际
1<
/p>
，
“单向计时制”
(Monochron
ic
Time):
美、英、加、徳等传统西方文化国家
2
，多向计时制”
(Polychronic Time)
：拉美、非洲、中东、南欧、东亚?俄国、保加
利亚等国介乎两者之
间
Italians
are
great
hand
movers.
So
are
Russians
and
Latin
Americans. Englishmen
are stingy about their hand movements;
they appear as more controlled and
rigid in their behavior.
Sometimes the body message reinforces
the words. Sometimes
it
contradicts
them.
Sometimes
the
messages
are
sent
with
no
accompanying words and we speak in body
language alone.
From
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Thou
tell
’
st
me
there
is
murder
in
mine
eye,
”
to the
musical ballad
“
Your lips
tell me no, no, but there
’
s
yes,
yes,
yes
in
your
eyes,
”
the
eyes
have
held
a
strange
fascination for us.
Body language is more than
hand movements. The eyes play a
large
part,
too.
In
drama,
movies,
fiction,
poetry,
or
in
real
life,
eyes
have
always
been
accepted
as
a
major
source
of
communication.
Specifically,
Latin America
and
the Mediterranean
countries
are
high contact,
the United States is moderate contact, and the Far
East is low contact.
Difference
in
touching
behaviors
are
highly
correlated
with
culture.
People
in
high
contact
cultures
evaluate
“
close
”
as
positive and good, and
“
far
”
as negative and bad. People in low
contact cultures evaluate
“<
/p>
close
”
as negative
and bad, and
“
far
”
as positive and good.
In
Africa,
laughter
is
used
by
black
people
to
express
surprise,
wonder,
embarrassment and even discomfiture.
转发
(1)
|
收藏
|
评论
2011-12-29
17:17
来自
新浪微博
Nonverbal
behaviors
such
as
smile
and
laugh
seem
to
cut
across
cultural lines. But in reality, they are often
found to be not
universal. In Japan
where people are conditioned to use the face
to conceal rather than reveal their
feelings, smile could just be a
law of
etiquette.
Nonverbal behavior plays a significant
part in communication for
at least
three reasons: bal behavior accounts for much
of
the
meaning
we
derive
from
conversations;
bal
behavior
spontaneously
reflects
the
subconsious;
3.
Nonverbal
hehavior is omni-
present.
In
Japan,
many
people
expect
the
caller
to
be
the
one
who
speaks first, and, in doing so,
identifies him- or herself. But it is
normal in the English speaking world
for the answerer to speak
first.
Cultural
Differences
in
phone
calls:
Egyptians
seem
to
be
unwilling to be the first
to be identified. They would counter one
another's
greetings
and
demands
for
identification
until
they
were able to guess each
other's identity.
Telephone calls 4: A German answerer to
a phone call identifies
him-
or
herself
without
being
asked
to
do
so.
American
callers
tend to verify that
they have reached the right person by saying
that person's name with a rising
question intonation.
A
French
woman
would
be
shocked
by
the
way
Americans
behaved on
the phone.
In some cases,
when she attempted
to
converse with American acquaintances
who answered her phone
call, they would
ask whom she wanted to speak with and hand
the phone over without allowing her to
continue.
Telephone
calls:
In
the
U.S.A.
the
callers
apologize
only
when
they
feel
they
have
called
at
an
inappropriate
time;
they
often
asked
for the intended addressee without identifying
themselves
or
conversing
with
the
answerer,
even
when
that
person
is
known.
Culturall
differences
in
using
modern
means
of
communication
like
telephone: in France it is required that all calls
begin with an
apology
for
disturbing
the
answerer.
They
are
also
expected
to
begin
the
call
by
checking
that
they
have
reached
the
right
number.
第八讲，
gestures, a commonplace
or a mystery?
小手势，
大学问
--
浅谈非言语交际。
第九讲，
Shoul I keep a distance when making
an
acquaintance?
靠近你？远离你？空间观念与跨
文化交际。第
十讲，
Past
Vs
future,
“穿越历史”与追赶时间。时间观念与跨文
化交
际。
年关将至，
< br>高层定调再提
“稳定压倒一切”
，
各位回忆一下
Hofstede
同学对于
Uncertainty Avoidance
“不确定性回避”文化维度是怎么<
/p>
阐释的？东方文化对不确定的东西视为洪水猛兽，
是不是一切尽在
咱们预料之中。
< br>林语堂先生关于中国特权社会的论述见英文版《吾国与吾民》
My
Country and My People
（外研社版）<
/p>
，
180
－
18
5
页。
Every
donation
is
closely
audited,
data
are
available
on
public
websites
(/),
and
you
can
monitor
your
status on the wait list at any time.
以上是英文版乔布斯传关于乔布
斯之死的描述。即使富贵如乔布斯，动
手术也不能插队夹塞。放在
中国，情形当如何？
Recipients
are
chosen
based
on
their
MELD
score
(Model
for
End-
Stage
Liver
Disease),
which
uses
lab
tests
of
hormone
levels to determine how urgently a
transplant is needed, and on
the length
of time they have been waiting.
There is no legal way for a
patient, even one as wealthy as Jobs,
to jump the queue, and he didn't.
Recipients are chosen based
on their
MELD score (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease),
which
uses
lab
tests
of
hormone
levels
to
determine
how
urgently
a
transplant is needed...
关于中美权力距离的比较：
“苹果之父”死于手术延误，富贵如
乔布斯也不能享有优先医疗权。参
见英文版
Steve Jobs,
pp482-3
。
He was put on the
wait list for a liver transplant in California,
but
it became clear he would never get
one there in time......
星期四讨论课增加“两种交际风格”的内容，即
How-
context
Communication
强交际语境文化
和
Low
-context
communication
弱交际语境文化。加上先前布置的“四
种维度”
，
Presentation
的范
围扩大到六个话题。
另外，
下周上
Verbal communication
言语交际，
提前预告。
Feminine societies
阴柔倾向文化国家：瑞
典、挪威、荷兰、丹麦、
芬兰、智利、葡萄牙、泰国?（不完全名单）
< br>；主要价值观为人际
关系和对他人及自然环境的关怀；
情
感至上，
性别平等；
宽容异端。
美国文
化介乎阳刚阴柔之间。
Masculine cultures
阳刚倾向文化国家：日
本、韩国、中国、德国、
俄罗斯、奥地利、瑞士、英国、墨西哥、阿根廷?（不完全名单
）
；
控制欲强，要求一切行动听指挥；做事决策果断；成功之上
，男权