-
越有钱越无情
It's amazing what a rigged game of
Monopoly can reveal. In this entertaining but
sobering talk, social psychologist Paul
Piff shares his research into how people behave
when they feel wealthy. (Hint: badly.
But while the problem of inequality is a complex
and daunting challenge, there's good
news too. (Filmed at TEDx Marin.
一个被操纵的
大
富翁游戏能告诉我们的东西竟然有那么多
!
在这
个有趣且发人深省的演讲中
,
社会
心理学家保罗
-
皮夫分享了他对于
“
人感到富有时如何表现
”
的研究结果
(
暗示
:<
/p>
很
坏。在面对异常复
< br>杂、异常严峻的不平等问题的同时
,
我们也听到了好的消
息。。
(
摄
于
TEDx
加州马林县
Paul Piff
studies how social hierarchy, inequality and
emotion shape relations
between
individuals and groups.
Why you should
listen:
Paul Piff is an Assistant
Professor of Psychology and Social Behavior at the
University of California, Irvine. In
particular, he studies how wealth (having it or
not
having it can affect interpersonal
relationships.
His surprising studies
include running rigged games of Monopoly, tracking
how
those who drive expensive cars
behave versus those driving less expensive
vehicles and
even determining that rich
people are literally more likely to take candy
from children
than the less well-off.
The results often don't paint a pretty picture
about the motivating
forces of wealth.
He writes,
status in society lead to
increased self-focus and, in turn, decreased
compassion, altruism,
and ethical
behavior.
What others say:
“When was the last time, as Piff puts
it, that you prioritized your own interests
above the interests of other people?
Was it yesterday, when you barked at the waitress
for
not
delivering your cappuccino with sufficient
promptness? Perhaps it was last week,
when, late to
work, you
zoomed past a mom struggling with a stroller on
the subway stairs and
justified your
heedlessness with a ruthless but inarguable
arithmetic: Today, the 9 a.m.
meeting
has got to come first; that lady’s stroller can’t
be my problem. Piff is one of a
new
generation of scientists
—
psychologists, economists, marketing professors,
and
neurobiologists
—
who are exploiting this
moment of unprecedented income inequality
to explore behaviors like those. ”
—
Lisa Miller, New York Magazine
演讲稿正文
I want you
to, for a moment, think about playing a game of
Monopoly, except in this
game, that
combination of skill, talent and luck that help
earn you success in games, as in
life,
has been rendered irrelevant, because this game's
been rigged, and you've got the
upper
hand. You've got more money, more opportunities to
move around the board, and
more access
to resources. And as you think about that
experience, I want you to ask
yourself,
how might that experience of being a privileged
player in a rigged game change
the way
that you think about yourself and regard that
other player?
我想让大家花一点时间
,
想想一下自己正在玩大富翁游戏。
只不
过在这个游戏
< br>里面
,
那些帮助你赢的游戏的因素
,
比如技巧、才能和
运气在此无关
紧要
,
就像对于人
生一样
,
因为这个游戏被操纵了
,
而
你已经占了上风
,
你有更多的钱
,
有更多在棋盘上
移动的机会以及更
对获得资源的机会。
在你想象这一经历的过程中
,
我想让大家问
一下
自己
,
一个被操纵的游戏里面作为优势玩家的经历会如何改变你思考
自己和对
待对手的方式
?
So we ran a study on the U.C. Berkeley
campus to look at exactly that question. We
brought in more than 100 pairs of
strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a
coin
randomly assigned one of the two
to be a rich player in a rigged game. They got two
times as much money. When they passed
Go, they collected twice the salary, and they got
to roll both
dice instead of one, so they got to move around
the board a lot more.
(Laughter And
over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through
hidden cameras what
happened. And what
I want to do today, for the first time, is show
you a little bit
of what we saw. You're
going to have to pardon the sound quality, in some
cases,
because again, these were hidden
cameras. So we've provided subtitles.
在加州大学伯克利分校
,
我们做了一个试验来研究这个问题。
我
们招募了
100
多对陌生人到实验室
,
通过投掷硬币的方式随机选中一
对中
的一个作为这个游戏中
占上风的玩家。
他们拿到了两倍的钱。
当
他们途径起点的时候
,
他们拿到两倍的
工资
,
而且他们可以同时掷两
个骰子而不是
一个
,
所以他们可以在棋盘上移动更多。
在接下来的
15
分钟内
,
我们通过隐藏的摄像头观察了现场情况。今天是第一次
我想
和大家分享一下我们观察到的
,
有的时候音质可能不太好
,
还请
大家原谅
,
因为毕竟
是用隐藏的摄像头
,
所以我们加上了字幕。
Rich
Player: How many 500s did you have?
富玩家
:
你有多少张
500
块
?
Poor
Player: Just one.
穷玩家
:
就一张。
Rich Player: Are
you serious.
富玩家
:
真的吗
?
Poor Player: Yeah.
穷玩家
:
是的。
Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs I
don't know why they gave me so much.
富玩家
:
我
有三张。
(
笑声不知道为什么他们给了我这么多。
Paul Piff: Okay, so
it was
quickly apparent to players that something was up.
One person clearly has a lot
more money
than the other person, and yet, as the game
unfolded, we saw very notable
differences and dramatic differences
begin to emerge between the
two
players. The rich player started to move around
the board louder, literally
smacking
the board with their piece as he went around. We
were more likely to see signs
of
dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power
and celebration among the rich
players.
保罗
.
皮夫
:
所以
,
玩家们很快就意识到这个游
戏明显有点奇怪。
一个玩家比另
一个
玩家明显有更多的钱。
随着游戏慢慢展开
,
我们观
察到两个玩家开始有一些明<
/p>
显不同的表现。
富的玩家明显在棋盘上移
动的声音更大
,
移动的时候几乎是在狠狠
砸棋盘。
我们看到富玩家们
“
霸主
”
信
号、肢体动作
,
权力的显示以及相互庆祝。
We had a bowl of pretzels positioned
off to the side. It's on the bottom right corner
there. That allowed us to watch
participants' consummatory behavior. So we're just
tracking how many pretzels participants
eat.
我们在旁边放了一碗椒盐卷饼
,
就在右下角
,
这使得我们可以观
察玩家吃椒盐
卷饼的行为。我们就是看看玩家吃了多少椒盐卷饼。
Rich Player: Are those pretzels a
trick?
富玩家
:
这些椒盐卷饼
有什么猫腻吗
?
Poor Player: I don't
know.
穷玩家
:
不知道啊。
Okay, so no surprises, people
are onto us. They wonder what that bowl of
pretzels is
doing there in the first
place. One even asks, like you just saw, is that
bowl of pretzels
there as a trick? And yet, despite
that, the power of the situation seems to
inevitably
dominate, and those rich
players start to eat more pretzels.
保罗
·
皮夫
:
好吧
,
不出所料
,
大家觉得有问题。起先他们好奇
那一碗椒盐卷饼为
什么会在那里。
就像你刚才看到的
,
其中有一个甚
至问
< br>:
这碗椒盐卷饼与什么猫腻
吗
?
但尽管如此
,
整个现场的主导形
势还是不可避免的
。那些富的玩家开始吃更多
的椒盐卷饼。
Rich Player: I love pretzels.
富玩家
:
我爱椒盐卷饼。
(Laughter
(
笑声
And as the game went on, one of the
really interesting and dramatic patterns that we
observed begin to emerge was that the
rich players actually started to become ruder
toward the other person, less and less
sensitive to the plight of those poor, poor
players,
and more and more
demonstrative of their material success, more
likely to showcase how
well they're
doing.
保罗
·
皮夫
:
游戏继续进行
,
我们
发现了一个很明显的有趣现象
,
就是富玩家开始
对另一个玩家表现得不友好
,
对那些可怜玩家的贫穷
困境越来越不敏感
,
开始越来
越频繁的炫富
,
更喜欢展示他们正在做
的一切。
Rich Player:
I have money for everything.
富玩家
:
我什么都买得起。
Poor Player: How much is that?
< br>穷玩家
:
你有多少钱
?
Rich Player:
You owe me 24 dollars. You're going to lose all
your money soon. I'll
buy it. I have so
much money. I have so much money, it takes me
forever.
富玩家
:
你还欠我
24
块。你很快就要输光了。我要买它
,
我太
多钱了那么多花
都花不完的钱。
Rich Player 2: I'm going to buy out
this whole board.
富玩家
2:
我要把整个棋盘都买下来。
Rich Player 3:You're going to run out
of money soon. I'm pretty much untouchable
at this point.
富玩家
3:
你很快就要没钱了。我已经差不多不可战胜了。
Okay, and here's
what I think was
really, really interesting, is that at the end of
the 15 minutes, we asked
the players to
talk about their experience during the game. And
when the rich players
talked about why
they had inevitably won in this rigged game of
Monopoly -- (Laughter
—
they
talked about what they'd done to buy those
different properties and earn their
success in the game, and they became
far less attuned to all those different features
of the
situation, including that flip
of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that
privileged
position in the first place.
And that's a really, really incredible insight
into how the mind
makes sense of
advantage.
保罗
·
皮夫
:
下面是我觉得一个非常非常有有意思的现象。
在
15
分钟要结束的时候
,
我们请玩家谈论他们在游戏中的经历。
当玩家谈
论他们
在这个被操纵的游戏里面为什么必胜的时候
(
笑声
他们提到
了自己为了买到不同
地产和赢得游戏所作的努力而他们忽略了这个
游戏一开始的不同形势也就是投掷
硬币随即决定了他们哪一个获得
优势
,
而这对我们理解大脑如何
看待优势提供了非
常好的启发。
Now this game
of Monopoly can be used as a metaphor for
understanding
society and its
hierarchical structure, wherein some people have a
lot of wealth and a lot
of status, and
a lot of people don't. They have a lot less wealth
and a lot less status and a
lot less
access to valued resources. And what my colleagues
and I for the last seven years
have
been doing is studying the effects of these kinds
of hierarchies. What we've been
finding across dozens of
studies and thousands of participants across this
country is that
as a person's levels of
wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and
empathy go
down, and their feelings of
entitlement, of deservingness, and their ideology
of self-
interest increases. In surveys,
we found that it's actually wealthier individuals
who are
more likely to moralize greed
being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest
is favorable
and moral. Now what I want
to do today is talk about some of the implications
of this
ideology self-interest, talk
about why we should care about those implications,
and end
with what might be done.
我们可以用这个大富翁的游戏作比喻来理解我们的社会以及社
会分层
,
也就是
有的人有大量的社会财富和地位而很多人没有
,
他们
仅有很少的财富和地位以及很<
/p>
少获得宝贵资源的机会。
我和我的同事
在过去的
7
年里一直在做的就是研究
这些
不同层次的影响。
全国范围
内的大量研究都表明
,
当一个人的财富增加时
,
他们的
同情心和同理
心下降
,
而他们的优越感增加
,
也更注重个人利益。在调查中
,
我们
发
现
,
富有的人更可能把贪婪定义为好的
,
把对个人利益的追求定义
为有利的<
/p>
,
道德
的。今天我想谈的就是这种个人利
益思维的影响
,
谈
< br>谈为什么我们应该关注这些影
响以及我们能做些什么。
Some of the first studies that we ran
in this area looked at helping behavior,
something social psychologists call
pro-social behavior. And we were really interested
in
who's more likely to offer help to
another person, someone who's rich or someone
who's
poor. In one of the studies, we
bring in rich and poor members of the community
into the
lab and give each of them the
equivalent of 10 dollars. We told the participants
that they
could keep these 10 dollars
for themselves, or they could share a portion of
it, if they
wanted to, with a stranger
who is totally anonymous. They'll never meet that
stranger and
the stranger will never
meet them. And we just monitor how much people
give.
Individuals who made 25,000
sometimes under 15,000 dollars a year, gave 44
percent
more of their money to the
stranger than did individuals making 150,000 or
200,000
dollars a year.