-
阅读理解中的难点处理
1.
生词处理
A
上下语境中猜测
a
利用文中所给的定义
(1)
The
science
of
meteorology
is
concerned
with
the
study
of
the
structure,
state
and
behavior
of
the <
/p>
atmosphere.
（研究大气结构，状态和属性的科学，也
就是气象学）
(2) The word culture
has a different meaning for anthropologists
(people who study humankind)
在下定义时，
作者常使用一些信号词，
如：
is/are(c
alled)
，
means
，
can be defined
as
，
refer
to
，
is/are known
a
s
，
signify
等，例：
Food fallacies refer to beliefs
about food that are not true.
< br>或标点符号，如
——
，
()
等，例：
Multiplexing
——
transmitting independent
signals at the same time in the same
channel
——
increases the
efficiency of radio channels.
（多路技术）
b.
作者用同位语形式或连词
or
给出定义，
Holography, or three-dimensional
photography, has many industrial applications.
（三位摄影比全息照相术
更通俗易懂）
。
We will meet you in the foyer,
the entrance hall of the theatre.
Nerve
cells
evidently
first
appeared
in
coelenterates,
“hollow
gutted”
organism
s
like
hydra
and
the
sea
anemone.
腔肠动物，内脏
, (
幽门到直肠间的
)
肠子；水螅；海葵；
Intelligent
behavior
remained
impossible
until
the
appearance
of
relatively
big
，
complex
types
of
brain
——
the types
we find among the
vertebrates
，
or backboned
animals.
脊椎动物
c.
根据对同一意义的不同指称方法的确定：
同一个意思可以有不同的方式表达，这是我们都知道
的尝试，而这有助于我们在阅读
时进行词义判断。
Nearly
all
of
Shakespeare’s
plays
involved
some
kind
of
fighting,
and
to
portray
hand
-to-had
combat
effectively, the
actor had to have excellent training.
The
remarkable
black-and-orange
monarchs
migrate
southward
each
fall
and
no
one
is
sure
why
these
butterflies migrate or how they
navigate. All we know is that monarchs migrate by
the millions and that
they come back
every spring.
Mr. and Mrs.
Firth had a long courtship. They dated for nine
years before they got married.
Although he often had the
opportunity
，
Mr. Tritt
never stole money from
a
customer. This
would
have
endangered his position at the
bank
，
and he did not want to
jeopardize his future.
d.
一般常识
An apple
falls down instead of up because of gravity.
An atomic c
lock
is so precise that it can be used to check the
accuracy of predictions based on Einstein’s
relativity theories.
Ann was
so obtuse
that she could not follow the
teacher’s reasoning and asked foolish questions.
（迟钝
的，愚笨的）
e
．
举例
You can borrow
these periodicals from the library: Nature, New
Society, New Week, or the Listener.
Monkeys are well-known for their
grooming habits; they spend hours
carefully cleaning bits of dirt and
straw from their coats.
The
consequences
of
epochal
events
such
as
wars
and
great
scientific
discoveries
are
not
confined
to
a
small
geographical area.
新纪元的，划时代的
f.
比较
His happiness vanished like the morning
dew.
The snow was falling. Big flakes
drifted with the wind like feathers.
g
．对比
Unlike his sister, who is a warm,
interested person, John is apathetic to everyone
and everything.
Although
his
parents
were
indigent,
they
somehow
managed
to
provide
Tommy
with
proper
food
and
clothing.
贫乏，穷困的
He is
usually loquacious, but tonight he is rather
silent.
多话的
Chimpanzees(
猩猩
)
in the wild use simple objects as
tools
，
but in laboratory
situations they can use more
sophisticated items.
Most dentists-offices are drab
places
，
while Emilio’s new
office is a bright
，
cheerful
place.
单调的
B.
构词法
a.
复合词
b.
混合词
There is much smog over the city of Los
Angeles.
A heliport is a taking off and
landing place for helicopters.
Brunch, comsat (communication and
satellite) newscast, telecast, sitcom
c
词根
That room is
spacious enough to be a good place for the party.
d
前缀和后缀
2.
指代
3
圆周句
圆周句的特点是将所有背景，
次要的概念都放在前面，而最重要的想说的话放在句尾，而形成欲扬
先抑或欲抑先扬的效
果。
If you have not yet
appreciated the truth that money is everything,
you soon will.
It is a truth
universally acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune, must be in want
of a wife.
以上两句话都是前半句让人本来以为要说多正经的事情呢，嗷嗷唱高调，后面的半句啪擦就摔
下来了。
<
/p>
如果在口语中能适度使用圆周句式，能够使语言显得更加的幽默或者是有气势。比如
:
Having
considered
both
sides
of
the
argument,
I
have
come
to
the
conclusion
that
the
advantages
of
owning a car outweigh the
disadvantages.
It is a truth
universally acknowledged, that you may take a
horse to the water, but you cannot make him
drink.
4.
逻辑联系关系
一般把连接词与连接语分为以下三类：
1.
表明事件发生的时间顺序：
then, first, at once, next,
after that,
previously
,
while, when, the following day, etc.
2.
表明文章的组织结构
:
1)Listing:
firstly, in the first place, secondly,
thirdly, my next point is, last/finally, etc.
2)
Illustrating
:
for example/ for instance,
to illustrate, an example/ instance of this is,
let’s take….., take…. for example,
etc.
3)Re-stating:
in other words, that is to say, to put
it another way, let me put it this way, or rather,
namely, etc.
4)Referring:
in this respect, in that
connection, as we said, apart from this, etc.
5)Resuming:
to resume, to return to the
previous
point, getting back
to the argument, etc.
6)Summarizing:
to sum up, in short, it amounts to
this, what I have been saying is this, etc.
7)Emphasizing:
it is
worth
noting,
I would
like to
direct
your attention
to,
let us consider, we must now turn to, I
shall
begin by, etc.
3.
表明作者的观点、态度
1)Introducing( or
emphasizing) further
evidence
:
moreover, furthermore, in addition,
what’s mo
re, as well, etc.
2)Cause:
because
(of), since, owing to, on account of, due to, as a
result of, etc.
3)Effect:
as a result, hence,
therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc.
4)Contrasting:
in / by contrast, on the contrary, on
the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet,
however, but, etc.
5)Comparison:
in
like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly,
in comparison with, etc.
6)Purpose:
to
this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, in
order to, so that, etc.
7)<
/p>
Intensification
:
indeed, in fact, in any event / case,
at no time, to tell the truth, etc.
三、阅读题型分析及应对策略
1
．主旨类
(1)What is the main idea (subject) of
this passage ?
(2)What does
this passage mainly (primarily)concerned ?
(3)The main theme of this
passage is ___________.
(4)The main point of the passage
is__________.
(5)Which of
the following is the best title for the passage ?
(6)The title that best
expresses the
theme
of the
passage is ___________.
(7)On which of the following subject
would the passage most likely be found in a
textbook ?
(8)The purpose
of the writer in writing this passage _________.
(9)Which of the following
best describes the passage as a whole ?
How
we
look
and
how
we
appear
to
others
probably
worries
us
more
when
are
in
our
teens
or
early
twenties than at any other time in our
life. Few of us are content to accept ourselves as
we are, and few are
brave enough to
ignore the trends of fashion.
Most fashion magazines or
TV advertisements try to persuade us that we
should dress in a certain way
or behave
in a certain manner. If we do, they tell us, we
will be able to meet new people with confidence
and deal with every situation
confidently and without embarrassment. Changing
fashion, of course, does
not apply just
to dress. A barber today does not cut a boy’s hair
in the same way as he used to, and girls do
not make up in the same way as their
mothers and grandmothers did. The advertisers show
us the latest
fashionable styles and we
are constantly under pressure to follow the
fashion in case our friends think we
are odd or dull.
What causes fashions to change?
Sometimes convenience or practical necessity or
just the fancy of an
influential person
can establish a fashion. Take hats, for example.
In cold climates, early buildings were
cold
inside, so people wore
hats
indoors as well as outside.
In recent
times, the late
President Kennedy
caused a depression
in the American hat industry by not wearing hats:
more American men followed his
example.
There
is
also
a
cyclical
pattern
in
fashion.
In
the
1920s
in
Europe
and
America,
short
skirts
became
fashionable. After
World War Two, they dropped to
ankle
length.
Then they
got
shorter and shorter the
miniskirt was in fashion. After a few
more years, skirts became longer again.
Today, society is much
freer and easier than it used to be. It is no
longer necessary to dress like everyone
else. Within reason,
you can
dress as
you like or do
your
hair the way
you like instead of the
way
you
should
bec
ause
it
is
the
fashion.
The
popularity
of
jeans
and
the
“untidy”
look
seems
to
be
a
reaction
against the increasingly expensive
fashion of the top fashion houses.
At the same time,
appearance is still important in certain
circumstances and then we must choose our
clothes carefully.
It would
be foolish
to
go
to an interview for a job
in
a law firm
wearing jeans
and
a
sweater;
and it would be discourteous to visit some
distinguished scholar looking as if we were going
to
the beach or a night club.
However
, you need never feel depressed
if you don’t look like the latest fashion
photo. Look around you and you’ll see
that no one else does either!
72.
The author thinks that
people are ___.
A. satisfied
with their appearance
B.
concerned about appearance in old age
C. far from neglecting what is in
fashion
D. reluctant to
follow the trends in fashion
73.
Fashion magazines and
TV advertisements seem to link fashion
to___.
A. confidence in life
B. personal dress
C. individual hair style
D. personal future
74.
Causes of fashions are
___.
A. uniform
B. varied C. unknown
D.
inexplicable.
75.
Present-day society is much freer and
easier because it emphasizes___.
A. uniformity B. formality C.
informality D. individuality
76.
Which is the main idea
of the last paragraph?
A.
Care about appearance in formal
situations.
B. Fashion in
formal and informal situations.
C. Ignoring appearance in informal
situations.
D. Ignoring
appearance in all situations.
2002 Text
C
（
A
）
<
/p>
应对策略：跳读（
skimming
）文
章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。主旨应该是宏观的，但有不
能失之空泛。
忌讳：以偏概全，范围过宽，无信息
判断主旨大意的方法：看标题，主题句（开头，结尾，中间，首尾）
如果第一句是疑问句，则第二句是主旨句
如果第一句是否定或部分否定句，则第二句是主旨句
如果第一句话的第一和第二个单词是
however,
although
，一般为主旨句（段落转折）
如果是
generalization or variety
如果第一句话包含因果关系
结尾以结尾性词汇结束，例如
thus,
therefore, in the end, so that
结尾以
it
巨型（主从或强调）
It has been suggested that
结尾以倒装或强调句型出现
2
．态度类
(1)What’s the writer’s attitude to …?
(2)What’s
the
tone of the passage?
(3)The
author’s view is _______
(4)The writer’s attitude of .this
passage is apparently _________
-
(5)The author suggests that
_________
(6)According to
author __________
应对策略：有的文章
观点明确，基调清楚，这时跳读（
skimming
）文章的开
头、结尾及段落的首句
和尾句。而另一些则需要阅读时对某些细节仔细琢磨。尤其应注意
有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容
词、副词等。要体会作者的态度和观点，就不能把注意力
放在作者在文章当中所描述的事实，而应
该是他或她在描述某一事实时所使用的语言，更
具体地说，就是作者所使用的修饰语。这一类词最
能反映出一个作者在进行写作时的心态
以及他深藏在语言文字后面的对待某一事件或某一现象的
立场。
在做这样的题以前，
要熟悉那些用来表达人的态度观点的单词，
比如：
amused (
愉快的
),
critical
(
批判的
),
doubtful (
怀疑的
), positive
(
肯定的
), ironic
(
讽刺的
), mocking
(
嘲笑的
), subjective
(
主观的
),
indifferent
(
漠不关心的
), cynical
(
冷嘲热讽的
), sarcastic
(
讽刺的
), exaggerated (
< br>夸大的
)
，
objective
(
客
观的，公正的
)
< br>，
skeptical (
怀疑的
)
，
sympathetic
(
同情的
)
3
．细节类
此类题目是为了测试考生把握文章细节描写的能力，其中主要包括文章中所涉及到的时间
、地点、
背景、人物、特征、起因、后果、方式、条件、关系等方面的内容。常见的问题
句型有一下几种：
(1)Which of the
following is NOT true according to the information
in the passage?
(2) Which
of the following is mentioned in the passage?
(3) What is the example of
. . . as described in the passage?
(4) The author mentions all of the
following except . . .
(5)
The reason for . . .is . . .
(6) The author states that . . .
(7) According to the
passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ...
例如：
2006
年真题
TEXT B
：
Over the last 25 years, British society
has changed a great deal-or at least many parts of
it have. In some
ways,
however,
very
little
has
changed,
particularly
where
attitudes
are
concerned.
Ideas
about
social
class-
whether
a
person
is
“working
-
class”
or
“middle
-
class”
are
one
area
in
which
changes
have
been
extremely slow.
In the past, the working-class tended
to be paid less than middle-class people, such as
teachers and doctors.
As
a
result
of
this
and
also
of
the
fact
that
workers’
jobs
were
generally
much
less
secure,
distinct
differences
in
life-styles
and
attitudes
came
into
existence.
The
typical
working
man
would
collect
his
wages
on
Friday
evening
and
then,
it
was
widely
believed,
having
given
his
wife
her
“housekeeping”,
would go out and squander the rest on
beer and betting.
The
stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his
money was perhaps nearer the truth. He was-and
still is
–
inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did
he regard buying a house of these provided him
and his family with security. Only in
very few cases did workers have the opportunity
(or the education
and training) to make
such long-term plans.
Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In
a large number of cases factory workers earn as
much, if not more,
than
their
middle-class
supervisors.
Social
security
and
laws
to
improve
century,
have
made
it
less
necessary
than
before
to
worry
about
“tomorrow”.
Working
-class
people
seem
slowly
to
be
losing
the
feeling of inferiority they had in the
past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in
the past few years
for the middle-
classes to feel slightly ashamed of their
position.
The changes in
both life-styles and attitudes are probably most
easily seen amongst younger people. They
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