-
六级语法长难句讲义
主编
许密衫
1
第一节
简单句
句子的成分
主语
、谓语、宾语、定语、
补语
、
状语
、
表语
七种。
主语:发出动作
(
< br>名词、代词、动名词
)
名词
代词
人称代词:(主格)
I, you, she, he
,(宾格)
him
,
m
e
. He love me.
物主代词:
my,
you’re,
his, her
反身代词:
myself,
yourself,
动名词:
p>
doing
,
going
谓语:动词
实意动词
系动词
Be
动词
:is, am,
are
感官动词:
feel,
seem, hear
情态动词:
can, may, could, would
…
宾语:承受动作(动作的承受者,名词,代词)
. I love
a
girl.
表语:系动词后面出现的
.
I am a
girl.
宾语与主语的区别:取决于前面的宾语
状语:时间、地点、目的、方式、条件、原因、结果
2
什么是简单句
相对于从句而言,没有从句的可认为是简单句
主语
部分(
subject
group
)
谓语
部分(
predicate
group
)
. Professor Ward teaches English to
university students.
简单句类型
主
谓
:
主语<
/p>
+
不及物动词
. He smell.
主
谓
宾
:
主语<
/p>
+
及物动词
+
宾
语
. I love a
girl.
主语
+
< br>不及物动词
+
介词
+
宾语
. I wait for you
.
主
系
表:
主
谓
宾
宾:
直接宾语,间接宾语
I give
you
a
book
.
主
谓
宾
p>
宾补
(
补语:形容词、短语、名词
)
I find it
interesting
.
我发现它很有趣。
I make
you
happy
.
3
简单句例句
1)
The household survey has a larger
problem.
(
2013
年
p>
6
月
第
1
套/第
1
篇/第
4
p>
段/第
1
句)
S
:
The household
survey
V
:
has
2) That makes finding a
solution all the more difficult
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
1
篇/第
p>
2
段/第
5
句)<
/p>
.
S
:
That
V
:
makes
3) The urge
(
to
quantify
)
is embedded in our
society
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
1
篇/第
5
段/第<
/p>
1
句)
.
量化的冲动根植于于我们的社会中
I
have a plan (
to carry
out
).
我有一个(
要执行的)
计划。
To
do
不定式做定语。
4)
People are generally
being given bad advice
to slow
down,take it easy, stop worrying, and
retire to Florida.
(
2013
年
12
月第
2
套/第
1
篇/第
2
段/第
3
句)
主干:
People are
generally being given bad advice.
具体建议的内容
:
< br>简单句的扩充
星期六
(时间状
语)
我们
(主语)
在腾讯课堂
(地点状语)
学
(谓
语
)
四级
(宾语)。
4
并列句与从句
1
)“We’
re not
educating people about the problem, and
it
’
s getting
worse.
”
(2014
年
6
月/第一篇/第四段/第二句)
并列句(不是从句,原因:没有自己的引导词)
引导词:
and but or
不是从句的引导词!
从句引导词:
Why what when where
who which how that if be-
cause so as
since
2
)“You
justify
carrying devices around the
hospital to do
medical records, but you
can surf Internet or do Facebook, and
sometimes Facebook is more
tempting,”
said Dr. Peter
Papadakos
at the University of
Rochester Medical Center.
(
2
014
年
6
月第
3
套/第
1
篇/第
< br>3
段/第
1
句)
并列句(不是从句,原因:没有自己的引导词)
3
)
The
UK enjoys an excellent reputation around the world
for the high quality of our education
system, so the government
needs to
ensure that institutions have all the support they
need
to attract international students
who make a tremendous academ-
ic,
cultural and economic contribution to the
< br>UK.”(
2013
年
12
p>
月第
3
套/第
2<
/p>
篇/第
4
段/第
2
句)
从句
结果状语从句
宾语从句
定语从句
4
)
When young
women were found to make only 82%of what their
male peers do just one year out of
college, many were at a loss
to explain
it.(2014
年
6
月/第一篇/第
一段/第一句)
从句
时间状语从句
宾语从句
5
)
What has
changed, say doctors
(插入语)
,
especially
younger ones, is that they
face increasing pressure to interact
with their devices.(2014
年
6
月/第
1
篇/第<
/p>
6
段/第
2
句)
从句
主语从句
表语从句
5
6
)Today’s
young
adults were raised by parents who made
sure to boost their self-esteem at
every turn, telling them they
could
achieve whatever they set their minds to, and
handing out
prizes for the sixth place.
(2014
年
6
月/第
2
篇/第
6
段/第
3
句)
从句
定语从句
宾语从句
7
)
I have closely
watched my generation,
known as the
Mil-
lennials,
for 29 years n
ow.(2014
年
6
月/第
2
篇/第
1
段/第
p>
1
句)
非谓语动词
I have closely watched my
generation,
known
(
=which is
known
)
as the
Millennials,
for 29 years
now
。
非谓语动词做状语
。
复合句与从句
复合句(
Compound Sentence
)分为并列复合句和主从或从属复合
句,并列复合句是有
并列连词
:
and
、
or
、
but
连接;
从属复合句由一
个主句(
Principal
Clause)
和一个或一个以上的从句
(Subordina
te
Clause)
构成
从句:
1)
有自己的主谓
2)
有引导词(引导词有时候可以省略)。
6
第二节
从句的概念
从句:
1)
有自己的主谓
2)
有引导词(引导词有时候可以省
略)。
简单句从句
1
)
Not
surprisingly, the costs are steep
(
2013
年
12
月第
p>
1
套
/第
1
篇/第
1
段/第
2<
/p>
句)
.
2
)
This is hardly
revolutionary, but it is presented in a
charming format
(
2
013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
2
篇/第
< br>3
段/第
3
句)
.
3
)
With no sign of
a new budget to close this gulf, one
credit agency has already downgraded
California's debt.
4
)
For most of the
20th century
(状语)
the home of
Silicon
Valley and Hollywood has been
the brainier and trendier of the
two. <
/p>
(
2014
年
6
月第
1
套/第
2
篇/第
1
段/第
2
句)
.
5
)
Technology can
make us smarter or stupider, and we need
to develop a set of principles to guide
our everyday behavior
and make sure
that
(宾语从句)
tech is improving
and not imped-
ing our mental processes.
(
2014
年
6
月第
1
套/第
2
篇/第
3
段/
第
3
句)
.
6
)
Indeed,
evidence from cognitive science challenges the
notion
that
(同位语从句)
skills can exist
independent of factu-
al knowledge.
(
2014
年
6
月第
1
套/第
2
p>
篇/第
3
段/第
3
句)
.
7
第三节
主语从句
什么是主语从句
引导词
:
t
hat when why how whether what which
who
1
)
主语的部分是一个句子。
这件事让我很郁闷。
It
makes me depressed.
(That he
left )makes me depressed.
That
是不能省略的。
2
)
p>
(
明天什么时候开会
)
还没有定下来。
(When we shall
hold the meeting) is not decided yet.
汉语多话题
英语多主语
例句
1)
A
ccounts suggest that he was subjected
to cruel beatings
and emotional
torture,
and
that he was
humiliated (
羞辱
)
con-
stantly by his
father,What
(主语从句)
sets
Jackson’s
family
apart is
that
(表语从句)
his father used
his reign of terror to
train his
children as musicians and dancers
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/
第
2
篇/第
4
段/第
2
p>
句)
.
此处
p>
that
不能省略,
and
并列句中
that
不可省略
Train sb
as……
让杰克逊家庭分崩离析的是他父亲用自己的暴政(威慑手段)来训练
孩
子成为歌手和舞者。
8
2
)
It is essential
that a meeting be convened this week.
That a meeting be convened this week is
essential.
本周开会有必要
为了避免头重脚轻
经常用
IT
做形式主语。
It is appropriate that this tax
(should) be abolished.
(
That this tax should be
abolished
)
is appropriate
废除这项税很合适、恰当。
It’s
unfair that
so many people should lose their jobs.
(
That so many people should
lose their jobs
)
is
unfair.
很多人要失去他们的工作不公平。
3
)
Furthermore
it
is
obvious
||that
(
the
strength
of
a
country‘s
economy is
directly bound
up
with
the efficiency of
its
agriculture and industry
)
,||
and that
(
this in turn rests
upon the efforts of scientists and
technologists of all
kinds
)
.
再者,显而易见的是,一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效
率密切
相关,而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
That
主语从句引导词
That
并列
不能省略
S1
(
the strength
of a
country‘s
economy is
directly bound
up with the efficiency
of its agriculture and
industry
)
(
this in turn rests upon the
efforts of scientists and
technologists
of all kinds
)
V1
is
S2 the strength of a
country‘s
economy
this
V2 is bound up with;
rests upon
4
)
(That he is
still alive) is a wonder.
他还活着真是一个奇迹。
主句的主语
S1
:
That he is still
alive
9
主句的谓语
V1
:
is
从句的主语
S2
:
he
从句的谓语
V2
:
is
Whether it will do us harm remains to
be seen.
主句的主语
S1
:
Whether it will do us
harm
主句的谓语
V1
:
remains
从句的主语
S2
:
it
从句的谓语
V2
:
will do
它是否会对我们造成伤害
还有待观察
(
Whoever is top
)
wins the game
(
when two matched players
meet
)
.
两强相争勇者胜。
主句的主语
S1
:
(
Whoever is top
)
主句的谓语
V1
:
wins
从句的主语
S2
:
Whoever
从句的谓语
:
is
When we arrive
doesn’t
matter.
Matter
动词
很重要
It matters.
主句的主语
S1 When we
arrive
主句的谓语
V1
doesn’t
matter.
从句的主语
S2 we
从句的谓语
V2 arrive
What we need is money.
S1
:
what we need
v1
:
is
s2
:
we
v2
:
need
10
1
)他说的话我不明白。
What
he said is not clear to
me.
(主
语从句)
2
)我不明白他说的话。
I
don’t
understand what he
said.
(宾
语从句)
11
第四节
宾语从句
宾语从句
1
)
动词
+
宾从
I said( that I wanted to
leave).
2
)
介词<
/p>
+
宾语从句
I
am interested in( what you said).
3
)
形容词
+
宾语
I am glad( that you could come
here).
此处
that
最好不要省略
及物动词后的宾语从句
I
remember (that we have learned this word
before).
S1
:
I
V1
:
remember
S2
:
we
V2
:
have learnt
真题解析
1
)
Directionally, they capture the trends,
but the
idea that we know precisely how
many are unemployed is a
myth
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
1
< br>篇/第
2
段/第
3
句)
.
the idea that we
know
(
how many are
unemployed
)
is a
myth
及物动词
+
宾语从句
the
idea is a myth
。主干。
12
同位语从句
+
< br>宾语从句
Miss
wang, our teacher, (
同位语
)came
in the class-
room.
名词后面可以跟定语从句。
THAT
同位语从句
2
)
Demographers reckon that three-quarters
of humani-
ty could be city-dwelling by
2050,
(
with
(伴随状语)
most
of the increase coming
into
fast-growing towns of Asia and
Africa)<
/p>
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
2
篇/第
2
段/第
2
句)
.
S1
:
Demographers
V1
:
reckon
S2
:
three-
quarters of humanity
V2
:
could
be
人口学家认为四分之三的人类到
2050
年将成为城市居民,大
部分人的增长都是在亚洲和非洲
的城市里。
With
的复合结构
With sb.
Doing
做某事
(
doing
不是表示时态,而是表示主
动)
With sth. Done
被做(
done
不是表示时态,而是表示被动)
With the society developing, cities
are becoming
crowd.
With the work done, I can go out
now.
With many
guests to be paid a visit to,
With many guests visiting,
有很多客人到访
13
makes climate more extreme
(<
/p>
2013
年
6
月
第
3
套/第
2
篇/
第
1
段/第
1
句)
.
3
)
He
claims (that global warming caused the current
drought in
America’s
Midwest), and(
that
supposedly
rec-
ord-high corn prices
could cause a global food crisis)
(
2013
年
6
月第
3
套/第
2
篇/第<
/p>
2
段/第
2
句)
.
4
)
<
/p>
宾语从句中
That
可以省略,但是两个
宾语从句并列
不
省略
That
他认为全球变暖引起了美国中西部的干旱,
而且
很有可能发生
的是,创造历史新高的玉米价格会引起全球范
围的食物危机。
S1
:
he
V1
:
claims
S2
:
global
warming; record-high corn prices
V2
:
caused could
cause
4.2
介词后宾语从句
4
)
The payroll
survey also
doesn’t
capture
the number of
self-employed, and so
says little about
(
how many
people are
generating an independent in
come
)(
2013
年
12
月第
1
套/第
1
篇/
第
3
段/第
5
句)
S1
主句的主语
The
payroll survey
V1
主句的谓语
doesn’t
capture
,
says
S2
从句的主语
people
V2
从句的谓语
are
generating
关于工资单的调查没有抓住(记录)那
些自主创业谋生的人
数,而且在拥有独立的收入的人数这个问题上提及的很少。
6
)
But in the
course of trying to do
so
(在试图这么做的过程
中)
,
they generated a lot of ideas about
the
nature of the
problems
and
about
(
what potential
solutions would look
lik
e
)
(
2013
年
12
月第
1
套/第
1
< br>篇/第
3
段/第
5
句)
.
S1
主句的主语
they
14
V1
主句的谓语
generated
S2
从句的主语
potential
solutions
V2
从句的谓语
would look
lik
e
7
)
And when the
two groups were tested on what
they’d
learned
the second group
“significantly
outperformed”
the
first
(
2013
年
12
月第
1
套/第
1
篇/第
5
段/第<
/p>
6
句)
.
And when the two groups
were tested on
(
what
they’d
learned
)
,
the
second group
“significantly
outperformed”
the
first
当两组被测试关于他们学到了什么的时候,第二组
明显表现好于第一
组。
S1
主句的主语
the second
group
V1
主句的谓语
outperformed
S2
从句的主语
the two
groups
V2
从句的谓语
were
tested
S3 they
V3 had learned
1
)
反语
Irony
当他娶了这个女人的
时候,他的人生“走向
了巅峰”。
2
)
Lin
da
说;“他的人生走向了巅
峰。”············
当他娶了这个女人的时候,他的
人生“走向了巅峰”。
15
第五节
表语从句
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常
由名词、形容词、副词
、介词短语、不定式、动词的
-ing
、从句来充
当
,
它
常
< br>位
于
系
动
词
(
be,
become,
appear,
seem,
look,
sound,
feel, get, smell
等词)之后。如果句子的表
语也是由一个句子充当
的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
< br>
1
)
The problem is
that the statistics
aren’t
an objective
measure of reality; they
are simply a best approximation.
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
1
篇/第
p>
2
段/第
3
句)<
/p>
2
)
Democrats and
Republicans can and will take sides on a
number of issues, but a more crucial
concern is that both are
basing major
policy decisions on guesstimates rather than
look-
ing at the vast wealth of raw data
with a critical eye and an
open mind
(
2013
年
6
p>
月第
1
套/第
1<
/p>
篇/第
5
段/第
3
句)
.
3
)
His main thesis
is that the buzz of urban life, and the
opportunities it offers for com-
operation and collaboration, is
what
attracts people to the city which in turn makes
cities into
the engines of art,
commerce, science and progress
(
< br>2013
年
6
月
第
1
套/第
2
篇/第
3
段/第
2
句
.
4
)
All
in
all,
if
you
want
to
bring
up
a
Mozart
or
Bach
,
the
key
factor
is
how
hard
you
are
prepared
to
crac
k
the
whip
(
2013
年
6
月第
1
套/第
p>
2
篇/第
6
段/第
1
句
.).
16
5
)
That’s
why
we
establish
or
reestablish
connection
by
gr
eeting
strangers
and
friends
with
a
p>
handshake
(
2013
年
6
月
第
3
套/第
1
篇/第
4
段/第
6
句
.).
17
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-
-
-
-
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