生态学

物

种

多

样

性

Species

diversity

均

匀

度

evenness

似然竞争

Apparen t

competition

直接作用

Direct

interaction

优势种

Dominant, or foundation speices

实际蒸发蒸腾

Actual evapotra nspiration

生物多样

性

bi odiversity

生态效率

Ecological efficiency

总初级生产

Gross primary production

植物功能群

Plant

functional

group

营养级

Trophic

level

分解作用

Decomposition

干沉降

Dry deposition

矿化作用

mineralization

营养循环

Nutrient cycling

养分固持

性

Nutrient

retentiveness

< br>顶

级

群

落

Climax

community

生

态

恢

复

Ecological

restoration

促进模型

Facilitation

model

抑制模型

Inhibition

model

先锋群落

Pioneer

community

原生演替

Prim ary

succession

恢复力

resilience

恢复生态学

Restoration ecology

忍受模型

Tolerance model

抗性

resistance

定义

-y

:The study of relationships between organisms and the environment.

l history

: the study of how organisms in a particular area are influenced by

factors such as climate,soils predators,competitors,and evolutionary history.

t

:

can

be

defined

as

an

extended

period

of

dry

weather

during

which

precipitation

is

reduced

sufficiently

to

damage

crops,

impair

the

functioning

of

natural ecosystems, or cause water shortages for human populations.

tion

:as a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area.

:is a group of organisms that all make their living in a similar way.

-ediate

disturbance

hypothesis

:which

predicts

that

intermediate

levels

of

disturbance promote higher levels of diversity.

itive

exclusion

principle

:two

species

with

identical

niches

cannot

coexist

indefinitely.

ric

or

exponential

rates:

in

the

presence

of

abundant

resources,

populations can grow at ()

ic

population

growth

:

as

resources

are

depleted

population

growth

rate

slows and eventually stops.

population growth

: the environment () by changing birth and death rates.

web

:a

summary

of the feeding

interactions

within a

community,

is

one of

the most basic and revealing descriptions of community structure.

nt competition

:the negative impacts are the result of two species sharing

a predator or herbivoretor are similar to those in exploitation competition.

nt,or

foundation,species

:are

those

that

have

substantial

influences

on

community structure as a consequence of their high biomass.

ity

:is an association of association of interacting species inhabiting some

defined area.

-tem

:

Ecosystem

and

its

definition

were

first

proposed

in

1935

by

the

British

ecologist

Arthur

Tansley.

It

is

a

biological

community

plus

all

the

abiotic

factors influencing the community.

trial

primary

production

:is

generally

limited

by

temperature,moisture,and

nutrients.

-

functional

group

:consists

of

plants

with

similar

physiological

and

anatomical

characteristics

that

influence

their

seasonality,

resource

requirements,

and life histories.

ical efficiency

:the percentage of biomass produced at a lower trophic level

that is transferred to biomass produced at the next higher trophic level.

-down controls

:when the abundance of trophic group is deter-mined by the

existence of predators at the top of the food web.

--up

control

:

when

the

abundances

of

trophic

groups

in

nature

are

deter- mined by the amount of energy availble from the producers in a community.

21.

Lieibig’s

law

of

the

minimum

:

Populations

were

limited

by

the

single

resource

that was most scare relative to demand

-ne

species:

are

the

species

which

substantially

affect

the

structure

of

communities despite the fact that individuals of that species may not be particularly

numerous.

23.

Species

diversity

:It

is

decide

by

species

richness

and

species

evenness .It

is

affected by resources, habitat, diversity, keystone species and disturbance.

n of interacting species inhabiting some defined area.

y

: the number of population per unit area.

nce

: the total number of individuals, or biomass, of a species in a specified

area.

y production

: fixation of energy by autotrophs in an ecosystem.

primary production

: measure of total amount of dry matter produced by

autotrophs by photosynthesis in an ecosystem. Units of dry weight per unit area per

unit time.

primary production

: overall gain of dry weight after autotrophic respiration.

Same units as GPP

. The amount of energy available to consumers in an ecosystem.

e advantages and disadvantages of field, laboratory and model studies.

Field study

Laboratory

study

Model

study

advantages

directly collect data in natural context

receive data in controlled environment

，

the results

are reliable

，

and the experiments can be repeated.

highly abstract

，

and study questions that can not

be solved in real world.

disadvantages

can not be repeated

There

are

some

differences

between

laboratory

and

field

conditions.

Sometimes are not consistent with the real world

，

and easy

to have a wrong conclusion if not being applied properly.

does a hypothesis enter the process

(p9)

a typical soil profile, indicating the principal layers, or horizon.

O:Organic layer contains loose

，

somewhat fragmented plant in lower

layer is highly fragmented.

A:Mineral soil mixed with some organic

，

iron

，

aluminum

，

silica tes

，

and soluble organic

matter are gradually leached from A horizon.

B:Depositional als leached fromA horizon are deposited in B ts may

from distinct banding patterns.

C:Weathered parent C horizon may include many rock often lies on

bedrock.

4. Random, regular, and clumped distributions.

(p205)

An individual has anequal

Individuals are uniformly

Individuals live in areas

probability of occuring

spaced through the

of high local abundance

，

anywhere in an area.

environment.

separated by areas of low abundance.

Parrerns

Random

Regular

Clumped

Processes

Neutral interactions

Antagonistic interactions

Attraction between

between individuals

，

and

between individuals or

individuals or attraction

between individuals and

local depletion of resources

of individuals to a

local environment

commom resource