-
Word
:a
minimum free
form
of a language. With a unity of
s
ound
and
meaning(both
lexical
meaning
and
grammatical
meaning),performing syntactic meaning
Criteria
of
words:
by
origin(native
—
old
English
)(
and
loan
language
—
borrowed
English),by level of usage(common words,
literary
,colloquial,
slang
and
technical
words);by
notions(function and content words)
Morpheme
:
smallest meaningful linguistic unit of
language
,
not
divisible
or
analyzable
into
smaller
form.
A
morpheme
is
also
two-facet
language
unit
which
possesses
sound
and
meaning.
Classification
of
morphemes:
free
morpheme-utter
alone
with
meaning
(a
free
morpheme
is
a
word
in
traditional
sense);
bound
morpheme
—
must
appear
with
one
other
morpheme,
free or bound)
Root
:
the
basic
unchangeable
part
of
the
word,
convey
the
main
lexical
meaning
of
the
word.
Either
free
or
bound.(free
roots and bound roots)
Affixes
:
grammatical
----inflectional
meaning)and
affixes(have
only
particular
derivational
affixes.
(
added
morpheme to create new
words.
）
---prefixes and
suffixes
Word-formation
Three
major
processes
:
compounding
(joining
tow or more bases to form a new unit of
compound words)
Derivation
(forming
a
new
word
by addition of a word element)
Conversion
(a
word
of
certain
word-
class
is
shifted
into
another
word-class
without
any
affixes)
Eight
minor
processes
:
Acronymy
(Initialisms
–
using
the
first
letter
from
proper
name
,phrase,
technical
words)A
initialism is
pronounced letter by letter) and
acronyms
—
from
the
initial
letters
of
the
name
of
an
organization
or
scientific
term)==are
pronounced as words.
Clipping
(deletion
of
one
or
more
syllables
from
a
word
—
usually
a
noun,
which
is
also
available
in
its
full
form)
Classification
—
back
clipping,
front
clipping
,front
and
back
clipping and phrase clipping.)
Blending
---formed by
combining the meanings and sound of
tow
of
which
is
not
full
form
or
both
of
which
are
not full form.
）不完整拼缀
Back-
formation
（
coined
by
the
deletion
of
a
supposed
affix from a longer form already
present in the language.
）
Words
from
proper
names
(including
trademark, literature)
names
of
scientists, names of
politicians and statesman, names of places,
Reduplication
(a
compound
word
is
created
by
the
repetition(
1)of
one
word
like
go-go(2)almost
identical
words
with a change in the
vowel
’
s such as ping-
pong.(3)of two almost
identical
words
with
a
change
in
the
initial
consonants
,as
in
teenyweeny.
Neoclassical
(new words are
formed from elements derived
from
Latin
and
Greek)The
majority
of
neoclassical
formations
are
scientific and technical.
Miscellaneous
Word meaning and sense relations
1,
conventionality
—
no
way
to
explain
why
this
or
that
sound-
symbol and its sense.
2,
moti
vation
—
phonetic
,morphological, sematic
3,main
types
of
word
meaning(interrelated
and
interdependent)---
-grammatical<
/p>
(word
class
and
inflectional
paradigm)and
lexical.
(
denotative
meaning
—
conceptual