-
FOB
的全文是
Free On
Board
FOB
也称“离岸价”
。
按
FOB
成交
,
由买方负
责派船接运货物
,
卖方应
在合同规定的
装运港和规定的期限内<
/p>
,
将货物装上买方指定的
船只
,
并及时
通知买方
.
货物在装船时越过
船舷
,
< br>风险即由卖
方转移至买方
.
FOB also
known as
the seller should be in the contract
for the port of shipment and within the period
specified,
the goods loaded on the
vessel named by the buyer, and to notify the
buyer. Goods
across the ship's rail at
the time of shipment, the risk that is transferred
from the seller to
the buyer
对
CFR
术语
的解释
COST AND
FREIGHT(
．．．
Named port of des
tination)
，即成本加运
费
(
??指定目的港
)
。此术语是指卖方必须负
担货物运至约定目的港所需
的成本和运费
。这里所指的成本
相当
于
FOB
价
，故
CFR
术语是在
FOB
价的
基础上加上装
运港至目的港的通常运费。<
/p>
Means the seller must pay the goods to
the agreed port costs and freight.
Referred to here cost the equivalent FOB price, so
the
CFR term on the basis of the FOB
price of the port of shipment to the port with the
usual
freight.
CIF
术语的解释
CIF
术
语的中译名
为成本加保险费加运费，
（指定
目的港，其原文
为
Cost,Insurance and
Freight(...named port of desti-nation)
按
此术
语成交，货价
的构成因素中包括从装运港至约
定目的的港的通常运费和约
定的保
险费
，故卖方除具有
与
CFR
术语的相同的义务外，还就为买方办理
货运保险，交
支付保险费，按一般国际贸易惯
例，卖方投保的
保
险金额
应
按
CIF
价加
成
10%
。
< br>如买卖双方未约定具
体险别，
则卖方只
< br>需取得最低限底
的保险险别，
如买方要求加保战争险，在
保险
费由买方负担的前提下，卖
方应予加保，
< br>卖方投保时，如能办到，应以合
同货币投保。
2.
.FOB
价格包含了国内
的所有费用。如果是货物比较
多或者利润比较
高
的话，
国内的
费用是
可以不用
考虑的
。而如
果货物
比较少
，就需
要相应
提
高价格
，因为
单位成
本增加了
很多，
单位成
本主要
包括：
< br>内陆运
费（工
厂到港口或者
集装
箱仓库）、装卸费（特别是一些不能机械装卸的
货物）、
拼箱杂
费、码
头费、报送费、报检费等。
CFR
买卖双方基
< br>本义务的划分
相关术
语的换算
价换算为
其
他价：
CFR
价
=FOB
价
+
国外运费
CIF
价
=(FOB<
/p>
价
+
国外
运费<
/p>
)/(1-
投保加成
×保险费率
)
价换算为其
他价：
FOB
价
=CFR
价－国外运
费
CIF
价
=CFR
价
/(1-
投保加成
×保险费率
)
价换算为其
他价：
FOB
价<
/p>
=CIF
价
×(1
-
投保加成
×保险费率
)
－国
外运费
CFR
价
=C IF
< br>价
×(1
-
投保加成×保险费<
/p>
率
)
格。
FOB
中的国内费用
F
OB<
/p>
中的国内费
用包括：
1
< br>、加
工整理费用；
2
、包装费用
；
3
、
保管费
用（仓储
/
租，火
险等）；
4
、国内运输费用（仓至码头）；
5
、证
件费用（包
括商检费、公
证费、领事签证费、产地证费、
许可证费、保管费等）；
6<
/p>
、
装船费
（装船、
起吊费和驳船费等）
；
7
、
银行费用
（贴现利息、
手续费等）
；
8
、预计损耗（耗损、短损、
漏损、破损、变质等）；
9
、邮电费（电报、
电话、电件、
传真、电子邮件等费用）。
国际货物买卖中，
FOB
、
CFR
和
CIF
是最为常用的贸易术语，所占比率约为
90-95%
< br>。根
据《通则
2000
》的解释
，按照这些贸易术语成交的合
同，其相同点为：都属于装运合
同，
都是象征性交货，
即只要出口人按合同规定的时间、
地点、
将符合要求的货物装上买方派来
的（<
/p>
FOB
）或自己安排的
（
CFR
、
CIF
）船上，提交买方符合要求的货运单据（
CIF
则
包括
保险单）
便履行了合同的义务，
风
险都于货物在装运港越过船舷时由卖方转移到买方，
都仅
适用于海运和内河水运，
都规定由卖方提供货物和商业发票，
将货物交至并及时通知买方办
理出口手续，都规定由买方接受货物、支
付价款、办理进口手续。三种贸
易术语的主要不
同之处在于
CFR
和
CIF
下由卖方办理运输，
FOB
下由买方办
理；
FOB
、
CFR
< br>下由买方办理
保险，
而
CIF<
/p>
下由卖方办理保险；
FOB
后接
装运港名称，
而
CF
R
、
CIF
接目的港名称；
CFR
报价等于
FOB
价
加上运费，而
CIF
价等于
CFR
加上保险费。
FOB
（
Free
On
Board
）
-----
是装运港船上交货（指定的装运港）是指卖方必须
在合同规定的装运期内在
指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，
并负担货物
越过船舷
为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。
Is the port of
shipment FOB
(named port of shipment)
means that the seller must be shipped under the
contract period will be at the named
port of shipment specified goods to the
buyer on board, and pay for goods
across the ship's side and all the costs until
the goods were lost or the risk of
damage.
CIF (Cost,Insurance
andu freight )-------
成本加上保险费，运费（指定的目的港）
是指卖方
必须在合同规定的装运期内在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，
负担货物越过船舷
为止的一切货物灭失或损坏的风险，
及由于各种事件造成的任何额外费用，
并负责办理货运
保险，支付保险费，以及负责租船订舱，支付从装运港到目的港的正常运费。
Cost
plus
insurance,
freight (named port of destination)
means that the seller must be
shipped during the period stipulated in
the contract to deliver the goods at the
port of shipment to the named port of
destination of the ship transported to the
burden of all the goods pass the ship's
side until the risk of loss or damage of
goods
,
and
a
variety
of
events
for
any
additional
costs
caused
by,
and
is
responsible for cargo
insurance, pay premiums, and is responsible for
booking
a charter, to pay the port of
destination from the port of shipment to the
normal
freight charges.
。
选择
FOB
报价，
卖方省得去查运费和保险费，
无需帮客人垫付这些费用
（如
LC
收汇），也减轻收汇压力，还可避免海运费上涨使受益
人蒙受损失，出口手
续也较简明；
缺点是由客户派船或指定船公
司或其代理，
对出口方比较不利，
存
在
客人无正本单提货不付款的风险；
Select
FOB
Price,
the
seller
need
not
go
to
check
freight
and
insurance,
and
need
not
help
customers
pay
the
se
expenses
and
also
reduce
the
pressure
on
exchange
earnings,
but
also
to
avoid
the
rising
of
sea
freight
loss
to
the
beneficiary,
the
export
form
alities
are
more
concise;
The
disadvantage
is
specified
by
the
client
sen
d
its
ships
or
shipping
companies
or
their
agents,
on
the
expo
rt
side
bit
of
a
disadvantage,
there
is
no
original
single
delivery
customers
the
risk
of
non-payment;
<
/p>
2
。选择
CIF
，出口人自己找货代或船公司，比较主动有利，如果海运费下跌出
口方赚到了，
但需代垫保险和海运费
（
LC
< br>、
D/P
等情况下），
也要承担
运费或保
费上调的损失风险；
FOB
和
CIF
的卖方责任和风险都以装运港
船舷为界，越过船舷后的风险责任由
买方承担，
CIF
术语卖方仅是代买方付
I
和
F
而已，两种条件各有利弊，取决于
买卖双方的选择或谈判
结果。
优缺点：费用从大到小：
cif>cfr>fob
风险从大到小：
fob>cfr>cif
FOB
是成本价
CFR
是成本加运费
CIF
是成本加运费加保险
FOB
自负风险和费用领取出口许可证等，并办理出口手续，负责货
物在指定装运港越过
船舷前的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险，自费提供商业发票、清
洁的已装船单据等等
CFR
负责租船订舱和运费，货物越过船舷以前的一切风险费用，办
理货物出口清关手续
等
CIF
CFR
的再加上保险费用
简单来说，
出口商多花点儿钱掌控全
程不出错，
保证货完好的到达了买方手中，
买方没什么
理由不付款。
所有的费用最后都摊到货上了，
要
让买方觉得你的价格合理，
就要靠双方交涉
了
< br>~
如果买方的信誉很好，你信得过他，那就
fob
好了，你会省事，给出的价低也比较有竞争力
第十五节
FOB
，
CFR
和
CIF
价格术语详解
时间：
2008-10-16 02:39:32
编辑：
cjg220
Price Terms
价格术语
Price, in
international trade, is an important part of trade
negotiation
between
the
seller
and
the
buyer.
Here
the
price
of
goods
usually
refers
to
unit
price.
As
international
trade
and
domestic
trade
bear different
characteristics, in the price of commodities in
international
transaction,
not
only
the
price
figure
for
each
measuring
unit but, most important, the division
of relevant expenses, risks
and
obligations
between
the
seller
and
the
buyer
during
the
period
of
delivering goods should be stated
clearly. In the price clause, for
instance,
figure
for
each
MT
of
the
goods,
and
London
refers
to
the
division
of relevant costs
（
e.g. freight), risks and
obligation between the
two parties
involved in the transaction. CIF London, as
mentioned in
the example, is called
price term used universally in international
trade.
In this
section, the meanings, functions and
interpretations
provided by
international trade practices of price terms are
to be
discussed.
价格是进出口贸易业务中买卖双方交易洽商的一个重要内容。在国际
贸易中
，商品的价格通常是指商品的单价（
Unit Price
）。
由于国际贸易同
国内贸易具有不同的特点，在国际贸易商品的价格中，除了要表明每一计
量
单位的价格金额外，还要表明买卖双方在货物交接过程中有关费用、风险和
责任的划分。例如，在“USD200.
-
/MT
CIF London”这一价格条款中，
“USD200.
-
”是表示货物每公吨的价格金额，“CIF London”
是表示买卖双
方在货物交接过程中有关费用、风险和责任的划分。这里出现的“CIF
London”就是国际贸易中通用的一种价格术语。
本专题主要将讲述价格术语的含义、作用以及国际贸
易惯例关于价格术
语的解释。
1.
Price
价格
Price
is
an
important
component
of
an
import
and
export
contract
and
should
be
clearly
specified
in
the
contract.
A
unit
price
consists
of
four
parts,
which
are
currency,
unit
price,
measuring
unit
and
price
terms.
商品的价格是进出口合同的重要组成部分，商品的
单价是由四部分组
成：计价货币，单位价格，计量单位
和
价格术语。
2. Price Terms
价格术语
Price
terms, also called trade terms or delivery terms,
are an
important component of a unit
price in international trade,
representing specific obligations of
the buyer and the seller.
Price
terms are those English abbreviated letters used
to
represent relevant formalities,
expenses, risks and obligations
between
sellers and buyers during the period of delivery
of goods.
Sending
goods
from
one
country
to
another,
as
part
of
a
commercial
transaction, can
be a risky business. If they are lost or damaged,
or
if delivery does not take place for
some other reason, the climate of
confidence
between
parties
may
degenerate
to
the
point
where
a
lawsuit
is brought. However,
above all, sellers and buyers in international
contracts want their deals to be
successfully completed.
If,
when
drawing
up
their
contract,
buyer
and
seller
specifically
refer to one of
price terms, they can be sure of defining their
respective responsibilities, simply and
safely. In so doing they
eliminate
any
possibility
of
misunderstanding
and
subsequent
dispute.
But frequently
parties to a contract are unaware of the different
trading practices in their respective
countries. This can give rise
to
misunderstandings, disputes and litigation with
all the waste of
time and money that
this entails. In order to remedy these problems
the International Chamber of Commerce
(ICC) first published in 1936
a set of
international rules for the interpretation of
price terms
(trade terms). These rules
were known as . Amendments and additions
were later made in 1953, 1967, 1976,
1980, 1990 and presently 2000 in
order
to bring the rules inline with current
international trade
practices.
Price terms, which are now known
as , define the
responsibilities,
risks
and
expenses
of
both
the
seller
and
the
buyer
and
the
use
of
them
greatly
simplifies
the
contract
negotiations,
and
saves time and cost.
Merchants wishing to use these
rules should now specify that
their
contracts will be governed by .
价格术语，又称贸易术语或交货术语，是国际贸易中单价条
款的重要组
成部分，它代表买卖双方各自特定的义务。
所谓价格术语
,
就是指用若干个英语缩写字母
，说明商品在交货的过程当中，
买卖双方有关手续、费用、风险以及义务的划分。
作为一笔交易的一部分，从一国运送货物到另一国，可能是一种有风
险的业
务。如果货物灭失或损失，或由于某种原因货物未与交付，则当事人之间的
信任可能会降低到引起法律诉讼的程度。然而，最重要的是，国际贸易买卖
合同的卖方和买方都想要他们的交易得以顺利完成。
如果
买卖双方在草拟合同时明确引用一种价格术语（贸易术语），他们就可
以简单而安全地划
分各自的责任。由此就可消除任何可能发生的误解和日后
的争议。然而，合同当事人往往
不了解对方国家的贸易惯例，这就会引起误
解、争议和诉讼，从而浪费大量的时间和金钱
。为了解决这类问题，国际商
会最初在
1936
年出版了一套贸易术语解释的国际规则，
定名为
《
1936
年国际
贸易术语解释通则》，即《
Incoterms
1936
》，以
后又于
1953
、
1967
、
1976
、
1980<
/p>
、
1990
和
2
000
年作了修改和补充，以使它们符合现行的国际贸易实践。
价格术语解释通则最新的版本是《
Incoterms 200
0
》
,
它规定了买卖双方各自
承担的责任、风险和费用，价格术语的使用大大简化了合同的磋商，从而节
省了时间和费用。
愿意采用这些规则的商人应在合同中规定
，他们的合同受《
2000
年国际贸易
术语解释通则》的约束。
3. Standard
Interpretation of Price Terms
价格术语的标准解释
A. FOB
Free on Board (... named port of shipment)
装运港船上交货
(......
指定装运港
)
means
that
the
seller
fulfils
his
obligation
to
deliver
when
the
goods
have passed over the
ships rail at the named port of shipment. This
means
that
the
buyer
has
to
bear
all
costs
and
risks
of
loss
of
or
damage
to the goods from
that point.
The FOB term requires
the seller to clear the goods for export.
This term can only be used for sea
or inland waterway.
《装运港船
上交货》是指当货物在指定装运港越过船舷时，卖方即履行了
交货义务。这是指买方必须
自该交货点起，负担一切费用和货物灭失或损坏
的风险。
FOB
术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关。
该术语只能用于海运或内河运输。
A1 Provision of goods in conformity
with the contract
提供符合合同规定的货物
Provide the goods and the commercial
invoice, or its equivalent
electronic
message, in conformity with the contract of sale.
提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息
.
B1 Payment
of the price
支付价款
Pay the
price as provided in the contract of sale.
按照销售合同规定支付价款。
A2 Licences and formalities
许可证和手续
Obtain at
his own risk and expense any export licence and
carry out
all inspection and customs
formalities necessary for the exportation
of the goods.
自担风险和费用，取得任何出口
许可证，并办理货物出口货物所需的一切检
验和海关手续。
B2 Licences
and formalities
许可证和手续
Obtain at
his own risk and expense any export licence and
carry out
all inspection and customs
formalities necessary for the importation
of the goods.
自担风险和费用，取得任何出口
许可证，并办理货物进口货物所需的一切检
验和海关手续。
A3 Contract of carriage
and insurance
运输合同和保险合同
a)
Contract of carriage
运输合同
No obligation.
无义务。
b) Contract
of insurance
保险合同
No obligation.
无义务。
B3 Contract
of carriage and insurance
运输合同和保险合同
Contract
at
his
own
expense
for
the
carriage
and
insurance
of
the
goods
from the named port of
shipment.
自付费用订立从指定的装运港运输货物的合同和保险合同。
A4 Delivery
交货
Deliver the goods on board the vessel
named by the buyer at the named
port of
shipment on the date or within the period
stipulated and in
the manner customary
at the port.
在约定的日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方
式，将货物交至
买方指定的船只上。
B4 Taking delivery
受领货物
Take
delivery of the goods in accordance with A4.
在卖方按照
A4
规定交货时受领货物。
A5 Transfer of
risks
风险转移
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods until such time as
they have
passed the ships rail at the named port of
shipment.
承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至货物在指定的装运港越过船
舷为止。
B5 Transfer of risks
风险转移
Bear all risks of loss of or damage to
the goods from the time they
have
passed the ships rail at the named port of
shipment.
承担货物在指定的装运港越过船舷时起灭失或损坏的一切风险。
A6 Division
of costs
费用划分
Pay all costs relating to the goods
until such time as they have
passed
the ships rail at the named port of shipment.
支付与货物有关的一切费用，直至货物在指定的装运港越过船舷时为止。
Pay the costs of inspection and customs
formalities necessary for
exportation
as well as all duties and taxes.
支付货物出口
需要办理的商检和海关手续费用及出口时应交纳的一切关税、
税款。
B6 Division of costs
费用划分
Pay
all
costs
relating
to
the
goods
from
the
time
as
they
have
passed
the ships rail
at the named port of shipment.
支付货物在指定的
装运港越过船舷之时起与货物有关的一切费用。
Pay
the costs of inspection and customs formalities
necessary for
importation as well as
all duties and taxes.
支付货物进口需要办理的商检和海关手
续费用及进口时应交纳的一切关税、
税款。
A7 Notice to
the buyer
通知买方
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