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牛津译林八年级上册阅读理解知识梳理
【知识梳理】
知识点一、细节理解题
1
、细节理解题的基本要求和特点
初中英语阅读理解最基本的要求是“能从一般性文章中
获取和处理主要信息”。对
这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查,主要采用的方式就
是细节判断。这类题在
阅读理解题中占据半壁江山,做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同
时,弄清细节,正
确获取信息,也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此,要特别重视做好这类题
。
细节题就是指那些针对文
章细节描写或与文章情节发展相关的事实所设置的问题。
这类题主要测试考生获取信息及
对文章所提供信息的理解能力。
2.
设题方式
1)
此类题型多数以特殊疑问词设问,设问的检测点针对某
一具体行为、地点、时间、
原因、方式、数量等。细节题是用来进一步表达主题,体现中
心思想的,往往针对短
文某个细节来设题。做此类题时,应快速捕捉信息,可能是一些事
例、数字等,阅读
时要有针对性。
此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的。
2)
常见的命题方式
Which of the following is NOT true
according to the information in the passage?
Which of the following is mentioned in
the passage?
What is the example of .
. . as described in the passage?
The
author mentions all of the following except . . .
The reason for . . .is . . .
The author states that . . .
According to the passage, when (where,
why, how, who, etc. )...?
Which of the
following is right?
Which of the
following is not mentioned?
Choose the
right order of this passage .
1
From this
passage we know _______.
3)
细节题的不同类型
直接信息题
间接信息题
数字计算题
排列顺序题
图表图画题
知识点二、词义猜测题
1
、词义猜测的基本要求和特点
p>
所谓词义猜测是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的
综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词甚至短语或句子的意义。词义猜测题
在中考中一般考一至两道,要求学生在掌握一定的词汇量的基础上,能独立阅读部分
< br>生词,理解生词的含义。考察学生通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点对词
义作出正确判断的能力。
2.
常见的命题方式
What does the word “_____”in .....
mean?
It can be inferred
(推断,推论)
/concluded
(推断)
(from the passage) that
the
word“_____”mean
s _____.
The
word ...implies
(意味,暗示)
that
_____.
Which of the following is the
closest meaning of the word?
what do
you think of the expression _______ stands for?
The word “_____ ” in the passage
probably means _
_______.
In this story the underlined word “
” means
_______.
3.
词义猜测题之解题技巧
1
)
.
通过定义或释义关系来猜测词义
2
这种同义或释义关系常由
is
,
that
is
,
in other
words
,
be called
或标
点符号(破折号、
冒号、括号)等来表示。例如:
But
sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time.
Then there is a dry period, or drought.
从
drought
所在句子的上文我们
得知很久不下雨,于是便有一段干旱的时期,即
drought
,由此可见
drought
意思为
p>
久旱
,
旱灾
。而
a
dry
period
和
drought
是同义语。
2
)
.
通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过
同义词猜词,一是要看由
and
或
or
连接的同义词词组;二是看在进一步解释的
过程中使用的同义词
,如
Man
has known something
about the
planets
Venus
,
Mars
,
and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.
此句中的
Venus(
金星
)
、
Mars(
火星
)
、
Jupiter(
木星
)
均为生词,但只要知道
planet
s
就可猜出这几个词都属于
行星
这一义域。
通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关
系的连词或副词,如
but
,
whil
e
,
however
等;二是
看与
not
搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如:
He is so
homely
,
not at all as
handsome
as his
brother.
根据
not at all...hands
ome
我们不难推测出
homely
的
意思,即不英俊、
不漂亮的意思。
3
).通过因果关系猜词
通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有
< br>时文章借助关联词
(
如
beca
use
,
as
,
since
,
for
,
so
,
thus
,
as a result
,
of course
,
therefore
等等
)
表示前因后果。例如:
You
shouldn't have blamed him for
that
,
for it
wasn't his fault.
通过
for
引出的句子所表示的原因
(
那不是他的错
)
,可猜出
blame<
/p>
的词义
是
责备<
/p>
。
4
)
.
通过构词法来猜测词义
在阅读文章时
,我们总会遇上一些新词汇,有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意,而
它们对文章的理解又
有着举足轻重的作用,此时,如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、
后缀和一些合成词等语法
知识,这些问题便不难解决了。掌握前后缀规律,
如
un-,
im-, in-,
dis-, il-
等前缀与
-less
等后缀可构成反义词;后缀
-ful, -ly, -ism, -ness
等可改变
词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上,结合上下文把握两
词之间的关系,猜测
词义;而对词义的转化,也要结合上下文来猜测。
< br>
5
)
.
通过熟词生义来推测词义
例如:
Bananas, oranges,
pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit
grow in warm areas.
假如
pineapples
和
coconuts
是生词,我们可以从这两个词在句中所
处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从
句中不难看出
pineapples
,
coconuts
和
bananas
,
oranges
是同类关系,同属
fr
uit
类,因此它们是两样水果,准确地说,是菠萝和椰子。
3
6
).通过语境猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在
相貌或内在特征的描写。例如
: The penguin is a kind of
sea bird living in the South
Pole. It
is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it
cannot fly, it can swim in the icy
water to catch the fish.
从例句的
描述中可以得知
penguin
是一种生活在南极的鸟类。
p>
后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
知识点三、推理判断题
1
:推理判断题的特点
推断题就是根据某个事实推断结论,主要考查学生的理解力和推断力。
p>
这类推断通常包括:数据事实推断、常识推断以及作者的写作目的、态度和倾向等的
推断。
2
:推理判断题的解题思路
做推断题时,应根据短文中的相关语句,对与事实有关的细节加以分析,找出线索,
悟出字里行间的意思,反复比较,从而作出合乎逻辑的判断。要求在通篇理解文章的
< br>基础上,以文章提供的事实为依据,将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分
析,透彻理解全文,以领会作者的真正意图,从而做出正确的推理和判断,切不可凭
空
想象,主观臆断。
3
:推理判断题的常见设问方式
We can infer /conclude
from the passage that ______.
It can be
inferred /concluded (from the passage) that
________.
The author strongly suggests
that_______________.
What do you think
would happen (to
…
) at the
end of the story?/ next?
We can
infer from the text that _______.
From
the story we can guess _____
Here
“it” means
________.
The underlined word
“
it
”
in the passage refers to _______.
The
passage is probably from_______
4
4
:推理判断题的常见类型:
推断文章的出处(题材)
与文章细节相关的推断
对文章后续内容的推断
数字相关的计算推断
知识点四、
1
:主旨大意类题目的特点
主旨是文章的核心,即文章的中心思想或主题。主旨题主要是考查考生能否分辨
< br>主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力,即是否能在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判
断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法对文章进行高度概括和总结。这类题大约占总题量的
30%
。
主旨题一般会放在第一个或者最后一个考。
< br>
这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子,而
且要能够根据作者思路的展开,把
握作者在整片文章中的观点,因此必须看懂全篇文章的
意思。做此类题时,应通读全
文,理解文章大意,充分理解主题句的意义。
2
:主旨大意类题目的常见设问方式
批注:上述问法,建议教师让学生全部熟记。讲解时把重要
生词如
theme,statements,express,purpose
等告知学生。并且在学生练习时,让学生尝
试总结与上述问法不同的句子
,以锻炼学生的迁移能力以及灵活运用能力。
1
)
.
主题类
The main
idea/ key point of the passage is ________.
The passage is mainly about
___________.
The topic discussed in the
passage is ________.
What is the
passage mainly about?
Which of the
following statements best express the theme of the
passage?
5
What’s the main point/main idea/central
thought of the passage?
2
)
.
标题类
The best
title/headline for this passage might be______.
The text (passage) could be entitled
__________.
The title that best
expresses the theme of the passage is ________.
What is the best title for the passage?
Which of the following would be
suitable as a title for the passage?
3).
作者意图类
The author’s main purpose in writing
the passage is ___.
The
passage is meant to __________.
The
purpose of this article is _______.
The
aut
hor’s purpose is to show
_______.
The purpose of the
writer in writing this passage is _______.
The writer writes this text to _______.
The writer believes/suggests that
_______.
In this passage the writer
tries to tell us that ______.
3
:解题技巧
1.
)
整体思路
(
1
)仔细阅读全文,判断发现主题句
文章的主题句有的文章有而有的却没有,这就需要学生认真地阅读文章,仔细判断
(如果有,它经常出现在文章的开始和结尾处,但也不能排除出现在文章中间的可
能)。另外,不要被表象所迷惑。有的文章列举一个或几个人们比较熟悉的事例或是
< br>用一些具体的事例来说明一个人们不熟悉或是抽象的内容,这时要看清的是文章的本
质而不是表面现象。
(
2
)对文章进行分析、归纳和概括并得出正确结论
6
这种
情况下大多文章中是找不到主题句的,要求学生在理解全文的基础上自己进行总
结。对全
文的概括要完整,不能以点带面,以偏概全。在具体的答题过程中学生会发
现有个别选项
是对的,但它对文章的概括不是很完整,这也不是我们所要的最佳答案。
另外,选择
“
最佳标题
”<
/p>
的题目也是属于文章的主旨,但是标题不仅要能完整地概括全
文,
还要简洁明了,并能吸引读者,这也是学生在选择最佳标题时应把握的一条原则。
2.
)
主题句定位法
即通过分析篇章结构
,找出每一小段的主题句,然后通过寻找共同点,找出整个文章
的主题句。
主题呈现的方式有:
说明文
议论文
记叙文
在开头
√
(
较常见
)
√
√
在结尾
√
(
较少见
)
√
√
在中间
√
√
中心贯穿全文
√
(
较常见
)
(
1
)开门见山式:主题句出现在文首
。
(
2
)藏
头露尾式:主题句出现在文尾。
(
3
)首尾呼应式。
(
< br>4
)藏龙卧虎式。
7
【例题精讲】例
1.
Do you enjoy visiting a museum? Did you
ever make a plan before a visit? Every j museum
must
have
something
that
attracts
you.
And
there
are
many
possible
ways
to
enjoy
yourself
in
a
museum.
If you
follow these steps below, you’ll know what is
worth seeing and doing, so that you can
make the most of your time at the
museum.
Decide what museum you will
visit. There are so many different kinds of
museums and you first
need to find one
that you like. It's easy for you to choose one and
start an enjoyable visit!
Do some
research online. Every museum now has a website
which allows you to look through
the
information about it. On the website, you may look
for such things as
:
●The
exhibits
(
展品
)
---See
what
is
on
show
at
the
museum
at
all
times,
and
what
special
exhibitions are held for a short time.
●The history of the
m
useum---There will often be very
interesting stories about the exhibits and
the benefactors
(
捐赠
者
)
. That can make your visit more interesting.
● Activities —
See whether there are talks, tours or special
activities on the day when you visit.
Many museums hold some activities that
meet the interests of all age groups.
●
Cost,
food
and
storage
---It's
important
to
know
how
much
the
visit
will
cost.
You
have
to
decide
whether
or
not
you
can
eat
there.
You
might
also
need
to
find
out
about
transportation
needs, as well as storage for coats,
bags, etc.
Learn at least one thing on
your visit. It is always good to take away
something new from your
visit.
Plan breaks into your visit. When you
walk around, standing here and studying exhibits
there,
you may become very tired. So,
it is important to take breaks. A break is a good
opportunity for
you to think of what
you have seen and what else you might want to do
in the museum.
Take a friend or
two. Visiting museums is always a lot more fun
when you are with someone
else. You can
talk over what you’re seeing. A friend also brings
another way of thinking when you
talk
about the exhibits.
1. According the
passage, we should first__________.
A. do some research online
B. make a
plan for lunch
C. decide on a museum
to visit
D. choose a friend to go
with
2. To make our visit more
interesting, we can__________ .
A.
organize activities like special shows and talks
B. read the stories about exhibits
and benefactors
C. learn about the
interests of all age groups
D. walk
around the museum without breaks
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