-
、
条件句中的虚拟语气
1.
条件句中虚拟语气的形式
从句中提出
一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，
主句会产生的一种不可能
获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。
时间
将来
从句谓语形式
动词过去式
(be
用
were)
should +
动词原形
were to +
动词原形
现在
过去
动词过去式
(be
用
were)
had +
动词过去分词
would / should / might / could +
动词原形
would /
should / might / could have +
动词过去分词
would / should / might /
could +
动词原形
主句谓语形式
2.
中的虚拟语气的举例
(1)
将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
If
he
should
go
to
Qing
Hua
University,
he
would
make
full
use
of
his
time.
如果他
要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。
If
he
were
to
come
here,
he
would
tell
us
about
it.
如果他要来的话，他会通知我们
一声。
(2)
现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
If
he
were
free,
he
would
help
us.
要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。
If
he
studied
at
this
school,
he
would
know
you
well.
如果他在这所学
校学习的话，
它会对你很熟悉。
(3)
过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：
If
I
had
seen
the
film,
I
would
have
told
you
about
it.
我如果看过这场电影，
我会把
电影内容告诉你了。
If
I
had
got
there
earlier,
I
would
have
met
Mr.
Li.
如果我早点到那儿，
我就会会到
了李先生。
3.
运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题
(1)
当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，
谓语动词若是系动词
be
时，
可用
was
代替
were
< br>。
但在倒装虚拟结构及
if
I
were
you,
as
it
were
中，只能用
were
。如：
Were
I
ten
years
younger,
I
would
study
abroad.
要是我还年轻十岁的话，
我会去国外
学习。
If
I
were
you,
I
would
try
my
best
to
grasp
the
chance.
要是我是你的话，我要尽力
抓住这次机会。
(2)
有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同
时发生时，须区别对待。
①
从句的动
作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：
If
I
had
worked
hard
at
school,
I
would
be
an
engineer,
too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦
的话
，我现在也会使工程师了
If
they
had
informed
us,
we
would
not
come
here
now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，
我
们现在就不会来这里了。
②
从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：
If
he
were
free
today,
we
would
have
sent
him
to
Beijing. <
/p>
如果他今天有空的话，我
们会已经派他去北京了
< br>(from
)
。
If
he
knew
her,
he
would
have
greeted
her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她
了。
③
从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现
在正在发生的情况相反。如：
If
it
had
not
been
raining
too
much,
the
crops
would
be
growing
much
better.
如果
天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。
If
he
had
been
working
hard,
he
would
be
working
in
the
office
now. <
/p>
要是他工作一
直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。
(3)
当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有
were,
should,
had
时，
if
可省略，
而将
we
re,
should,
had
等词置于句首。如：
Should
he
agree
to
go
there,
we
would
send
him
there.
要是他答应去
的话，
我们就派
他去。
Were
she
here,
she
would
agree
with
us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had
he
learnt
about
computers,
we
would
have
hired
him
to
work
here.
如果她懂一<
/p>
些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了
(from
)
。
(4)
有时，
句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，
而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。
如：
I
would
have
come
to
see
you,
but
I
was
too
busy.
我本该来看你了，
然而我太忙了。
But
for
his
help,
we
would
be
working
now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without
your
instruction,
I
would
not
have
made
such
great
progress.
要是没有你的
指
导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
(5)
有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的
感
情。
①
省略从句
He
would
have
finished
it.
他本该完成了。
You
could
have
passed
this
exam.
你应该会通过这次考试了。
②
省略主句
If
I
were
at
home
now.
要是我现在在家里该多好啊。
If
only
I
had
got
it.
要是我得到它了该多好啊。
二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气
1.
目的状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)
在
for
fear
that,
in
case,
lest
引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语
为：
should
+
动词原形。并且
should
不能省略
She
examined
the
door
again
for
fear
that
a
thief
should
come
in.
她又把门检查了一
遍，以防盗
贼的进入。
He
started
out
earlier
lest
he
should
be
late.
他很早就出发了以防迟到。
(2)
在
so
that,
in
order
that
所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：
can
/
may
/
could
/
might
/
will
/
would
/
should
+
动词原形。如
(from
)
：
He
goes
closer
to
the
speaker
so
that
he
can
hear
him
clearer.
他走近说话的人以便
能挺得更清楚。
He
read
the
letter
carefully
in
order
that
he
should
not
miss
a
word.
他把信读得很
仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。
2.
让步状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)
在
even
if,
even
though
所引导的让
步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的
结构与
if
所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：
Even
if
he
were
here
himself,
he
should
not
know
what
to
do.
即使他亲自来也不知
该怎么办。
Nobody
could
save
him
even
though
Hua
Tuo
should
come
here.
即使华佗在世也救
不了他。
(2)
在
whatever
，
whichever
，
whenever
，
whoeve
r,
wherever
，
however,
no
matter
wh-
word
等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：
①
may
+
动词原形
(
指现在或将来
)
。如：
We
will
finish
it
on
time
no
matter
what
/
whatever
may
happen.
不管发生什么事，
我们都要按时完成。
We
will
find
him
wherever
/
no
matter
where
he
may
be.
无论他在哪里，
我们都要找
到他。
< br>
I
will
wait
for
him
no
matter
how
late
he
may
come.
不管他来的多么晚，我都会等
他
2.
believe,
expect,
suspect,
think,
imagine
等动词
的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用
虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
< br>
should
+
原形动词。如：
Can
you
believe
that
he
should
kill
a
tiger?
你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？
Can
you
imagine
that
he
should
take
the
first
place
in
the
long
jump
contest?
你能
想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？
3.
英语中，
wish
之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用
虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为
(from
)
：
表示所发生的时间
发生在主句动作之前
虚拟语气结构
(1)
had +
过去分词；
(2)
would / could / might /
should + have +
过去分词
与主句动作同时发生
发生在主句动作之后
例如：
I
wish
I
learnt
English
well
.
我希望我已学好了英语。
I
wish
I
had
been
there
with
them
last
week.
我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。
He
wishes
we
could
go
and
play
games
with
him.
他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。
4.
英语中，
would
rather,
had
rather,
would
sooner
等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事
实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：
表示所发生的时间
过去
现在
将来
例如：
I
’
d
rather
you
had
seen
the
film
yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
虚拟语气结构
had +
过去分词；
过去时
(be
用
were )
过去时
(be
用
were )
过去时
(be
用
were )
would / could / might / should +
原形动词
I
’
d
rather
you
were
here
now.
我倒想你现在在这儿。
We
’
d
rather
you
went
here
tomorrow.
我么倒想你明天去那儿。
四、主语从句中的虚拟语气
在表达惊
异、
惋惜、
遗憾、
理应如此等意义的主
语从句中常使用虚拟语气，
其虚拟语其
的结构为：
should
+
动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。
句型：
(1)
It
is
admirable
/
dreadful
/
extraordinary
/
odd
/
remarkable
/
sad
/
advisable
/
a
nnoying
/
disappointing
/
surprising
/
upsetting
/
frightening
/
better
/
best
/
curious
/
desi
rable
/
important
/
strange
/
peculiar
/
proper
/
necessary
/
natural
?
that
?
(2)
It
is
a
pity
/
a
shame
/
no
wonder
?
.
that
?
(3)
It
is
suggested
/
requested
/
desired
/
proposed
/
?
.
that
?
(4)
It
worries
me
that
?
如：
It
is
important
that
we
should
do
well
in
our
lessons
first.
我们先把功课学好很重
要。
It
is
strange
that
he
should
not
come.
很奇怪，他竟没有来。
It
is
a
pity
that
we
should
not
meet
last
night.
真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。
It
worries
me
that
we
should
be
blamed
for
that.
我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼
三、
分词用作状语
分词作状语可以表示多种关系：
(1)
表时间：
Seeing
the
cat,
the
mouse
ran
off.
见到猫，老鼠就跑了。
The
work
finished,
he
went
home.
工作做完后，他就回家了。
(2)
表原因：
Being
very
weak,
she
couldn’t
move.
她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。
His
car
broken
down,
he
had
to
walk.
他的车坏了，所以只好走路。
Much
discouraged
，
she
moved
on
to
London.
她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。
(3)
表条件：
United,
we
stand;
divided,
we
fall.
团结则存，分裂则亡。
Given
more
time,
we
could
have
done
it
better.
如果多给点时间，
我们可以做得更好。
Working
hard,
you
will
succeed.
如果努力工作，你就可以成功。
Adding
them
all
up,
we
can
find
the
answer.
如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答
案。
(4)
表让步：
Although
living
miles
away,
he
attended
the
course.
虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上
课。
Defeated,
he
remained
a
popular
boxer.
虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。
(5)
表方式：
He
earns
a
living
driving
a
truck.
他靠开卡车谋生。
I’m
returning
you
letter
as
requested.
我按要求给你退信。
(6)
表伴随：
He
sat
in
the
chair
reading
newspapers.
他坐在椅子上看报。
Don’t
you
sit
there
doing
nothing.
别什么也不干坐在那里。
He
came
in,
followed
by
his
wife.
他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。
(7)
表结果：
He
fired,
killing
one
of
the
passers-by.
他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。
He
died,
leaving
his
wife
with
five
children.
他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。
It
rained
and
rained,
vehicles
bogged
and
bridges
washed
out.
雨不停地下，车辆陷入
泥沼
，桥梁被水冲去
(2)
There
is
said
that…
句式
There
is
said
to
be
plenty
of
oil
off
our
coast.
据信我们近海有大量石油。
注：其他类似表达还有：
There
is
supposed
to
be
a
train
at
9:30.
九点半应有一班火车。
There
are
known
to
be
thousands
of
different
species
of
beetles.
据了解，有成千上万
种不同的甲虫。
(3)
sb
/
sth
is
said
that…
句式：其意为
“
据说
”
，
分词逻辑主语的特例
一般说来，
分词用作状语时，
它的逻辑主语必须与
句子主语一致，
但事实上也有少数例
外的情况，
它们的逻辑主语虽然与句子主语不一致，
但它们却是合乎英语习惯的。
这类特殊
情况主要有以下几类：
(1)
表示观点的惯用表达
某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，
它们在用作状语时其逻辑主
语可以与句子主
语不一致。如：
Generally
speaking,
we
enjoyed
the
trip.
总的来说，我们这次旅行很愉快。
Strictly
speaking,
you
ought
to
sign
the
visitors’
book
first.
严格讲，你应先在访客簿
上签名。
Judging
from
the
look
of
the
sky,
we’ll
have
a
rain
this
evening.
从天色来判断，今
晚应该会下雨。
Considering
his
abilities,
he
should
have
done
better.
以他的能力来看，他应该可以做
得更好一些。
Taking
everything
into
consideration,
they
ought
to
be
given
another
chance.
若把一
切都考虑进去
的话，应该再给他们一次机会
()
。
以上各句句首的分词短语的逻辑主语均与句子主语不一致，
严格
说来，
它们的逻辑主语
到底是谁都不是很明确，这类结构只是用
于引出说话人希望表达的一种观点或态度。
(2)
含有先行主语
it
或
t
here
时
当句子含有先行主语
it
或
there
时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一
致。如：
Having
so
little
time,
there
was
not
much
that
I
could
do.
由于时间很少，
我能做的事
很有限。
Being
French,
it’s
surprising
that
she’s
such
a
terrible
cook.
她是法国人，但她做饭做
得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。
第一句的分词短语
having
so
little
time
的逻辑主语应该是“我”，但由于句子主语是
there
，所以这句话也是可以接受的；第二句中的分词短语
being
French
的逻辑主语应是
“她”，但由于句子主语是
it
，所以这是合乎习惯的。