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2021-01-29 17:40
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Unit


1






1




The


purpose


of


making


a


decision


is


to



establish


and


achieve


organizational


goals


and


object


ives.


P1






2




Managers


must


make


a


best


guess


at


what



the


future


will


be


and


try


to


leave


as


little


as


p


ossible


to


chance.


P2





3




For


managers,


every


decision


has


constraints


based



on


policies,


procedures,


laws,


precedents,


and


the


like.


P3





4




But


the


tendency


to



simplify


blinds


them


to


other


alternatives.


P4






5




Decision


makers


must


have


some


way


of


determining


which



of


several


alternatives


is


b est



t


hat


is,


which



contributes


the


most


to


the


achievement


of


organizational


goals.


P6






6




Different


individuals


frequently


have


different


ideas


about


how


to



attain


the


goals,


the


best


choice


may


depend


on


who



makes


the


decision.


P6





7




People


often


assume


that


a


decision


is


an


isolated



phenomenon.


P9





8




The


literary


critics


should


be


as


objective



as


possible


in


analysis


and


judgment.






9




She


is


always


ready


to


argue


over



the


smallest


issues.






10




I


argued



him


out


of



going


on


such


a


dangerous


journey.






11




Although


he


thought


he


was


helping


us


with


the


job,


he


was


only


in


the


way


.



Unit


2




12




The


terms


we


would



normally


use


to


describe


a


scientific


phenomenon


are


inadequate


here.



P1






13.


Astronomers


and


scientists


think


that


a


black


hole


is


a


region


of


space


into


which



matter


h


as


fallen


and


from


which



nothing


can


escape.


P1






14.


Some


stars


explode


when



their


density


increases


to


a


particular


point.


P2






15.


This


process


of


shrinking


may


be


so


intense


that



a


black


hole


results.


P2






16.


It


is



only


recently


that



astronomers


have


begun


specific


research


into


black


holes.


P3






17.


Very


advanced


technology


could


one


day


make


use


of



the


energy


of


black


holes


for


manki


nd.


P5






18.


He


has


exerted



all


his


strength


to


attain


his


goal.







19.


He


has


been


exerting



a


lot


of


pressure


on


me


to


change


my


mind.







20.


The


collapse



of


the


government


left


the


country


in


confusion.







21.


The


research


group


launched


out


into



a


series


of


new


experiments.



Unit


3



22.


Each


time



it


is


shown,


the


program


starts


a


nationwide


debate


on


the


subject.


P3







23.


In


addition


to


this,


a


second


doctor


must


confirm


that


these


criteria


have


been


met


.


P4






24.


In


the


vast


majority


of


euthanasia


cases,


what



the


patient


is


actually


asking


for


is


somethin


g


else.


P7







25.


Euthanasia


doesn’t


take


into


account



that


there


are


ways


of


caring


for


the


dying.P8







26.


Anything


that



legally


allows


the


shortening


of


life


does


make



those


people


more


vulnerable.



P8




27.


Instructions


will


be


sent


immediately


on


request


.





28.


Many


people


opposed



building


a


new


highway


because


of


the


great


cost.





29.


She


bore


the


whole


burden



of


raising


two


children


alone.







30.


Students


are


heavily


burdened


with



home


assignments.





31.


The


committee


demands



that


no


member


(should)


be


absent.



Unit


4



32.


Of


these


20,000,just


under


2000


are


being


exploited


and


abused



by


their


employers.


P1




33.


In


one


of


them,



a


Filipino


maid


was


executed


in


Singapore


after


being


convicted



of


murder,



despite



protests


from


various


quarters


that



her


guilt


had


not


been


adequately


established.


P3




34.


I


was


supposed


to



be


paid



120


but


I


never


received


that


amount.


P4




35.


My


employers


always


threatened


to


report


me


to


the


Home


Office


or


the


police.


P6




36.


Many


people


doubt


whether



this


will


successfully


reduce


the


incidence


of


abuse.


P8




37.


So


if


they


do


complain,


they


risk


being


deported


.


P8




38.


It


is


the


right


to


change


employers


which


distinguishes



employment


from



slavery.


P9




39.


The


student


exploits



every


possibility


to


learn


English.





40.


Our


country


is


launching


a


campaign


against



waste.





41.


We


should


be


always


aware


of


the


status



of


world


affairs.





42.


There


are


likely


to


be



more


difficulties


than


you


were


prepared


for.



Unit


5



43.


The


new


music


was


built


out


of


materials


already


in


existence


.


P1




44.


They


freely


took


over



elements


from


jazz,


from


American


country


music,


and


as


time


went


o


n


from


even


more


diverse


sources.


P2




45.


What



developed


was


a


music


readily


taking


on



various


forms


and


capable


of


an


almost


limit


less


range


of


expression.


P2




46.


In


studio


recordings,


new


techniques


made


possible


effects



that


not


even


an


electronic


band


c


ould


produce


live


.


P3



47.


Electronic


amplifiers


also


made


possible


a


fantastic


increase


in


volume,


the


music


becoming



as


l


oud


and


penetrating


as


the


human


ear


could


stand.


P3




48.


Often


music


was


played


out


of


doors,


where



nature


provided


the


environment.


P4


49




The


social


and


political


transformation



of


a


country


is


essential


to


the


development


of


the


societ


y.





50




All


theories


originate


from



practice


and


in


turn


serve


practice.



Unit


6




,


becoming



increasingly


prevalent


in


factories


and


industrial


plants


throughout


the


developed



world,


are


programmed


and


engineered


to


perform


industrial


tasks


without


human


intervention.


P1


52.


The


robots


used



in


nuclear


power


plants


handle


the


radioactive


materials,


preventing



human


perso


nnel


from


being


exposed



to


radiation.


P3




53.




Robots


differ


from


automatic


machines


in


that



after


completion


of


one


specific


task,


they


c


an


be


reprogrammed


by


a


computer


to


do


another


one.


P4





engineers


are


writing


new


programs


allowing



robots


to


make


decisions


such


as


whether



to


discard


defective


parts


in


finished


products.


P6




55.


These


future


robots,


assembled



with


a


sense


of


touch


and


the


ability


to


see



and


make


decisio


ns,


will


have


plenty


of


work


to


do.


P7




56.


Anyone


wanting



to


understand


the


industry


of


the


future


will


have


to


know


about


robotics.


P


7






57.


His


words


cast


a


new


light


on



the


problem.





58.


We


should


be


aware


of


the


dangers


of


exposing



children


to


violence


on


TV.



Unit


7




59.


People


in


advanced


industrial


societies


are


increasingly


concerned


with



opportunities


for


leisure


a


nd


what


they


can


do


in


their


leisure


time.


P1




60.


Generally


speaking,


the


quality


of


life,


especially


as


seen



by


the


individual,


is


meaningful


in


t


erms


of



the


degree


to


which



these


various


areas


of


life


are


available


or


provide


satisfaction


to


the


ind


ividual.


P2




61.


The


specific


use


of


leisure


varies


from


individual


to


individual


.


P4




62.


Experiences


of


a


different


nature,


be


it



television


watching


or


bird- watching,


can


lead


to


a


sel


f-


renewal


and


a


more


“balanced”


way


of


life.


P5





63.


Such


attitudes


amount


to


a


recognition


that



leisure


is


an


important


area


of


life


and


a


belief


t


hat



leisure


can


and


should


be


put


to


good


use.


P6




64.


To



impart


positive


leisure


attitudes


to


the


general


public


is


essential


for


motivating


them


to


us


e


their


leisure


in


creative


and


satisfying


ways.


P7




65.


It


can


be


argued


that


the


people


with


whom



we


come


into


contact


in


these


various


contexts


are


all


likely


to


have


exerted


some


influence


in


shaping


our


attitudes,


interests


and


even


skills


relevant



to


how



we


handle


leisure.


P7




66.


The


more



seriously


this


is


sought,


the


more



likely


positive


attitudes


towards


leisure


as


well


as


academic


work


will


be


encouraged.


P9




67.


You


have


to


attach



a


label


to


a


box


while


posting


it.





68.


We


should


make


our


lives


relevant


to



the


needs


of


the


country.





69.


He


always


has


some


positive



ideas


on


company


policy.



Unit


8




70.


The


problem


of


Jet


Lag


is


one



every


international


traveler


comes


across


at


some


time.


P1




71.


The


effects


of


rapid


travel


on


the


body


are


actually


far


more



disturbing


than


we


realize.


P2




72.


He


later


blamed



his


poor


judgment


on



Jet


Lag.


P3




73.


Now


that



we


understand


what


Jet


Lag


is,


we


can


go


some


way


to


overcoming


it.


P5




74.


In


time


,


the


physiological


system


will


reset


itself,


but


it


does


take


time.


P8




75.


It



is


not


feasible


to


wait


four


days


until


the


body


is


used


to



the


new


time


zone.


P10




76.


That


is


by


no


means


the


best


way


of


proceeding


.





77.


He


didn’t


take


alarm


at



the


news.





78.


The


pianist


promoted



a


grand


benefit


concert.





79.


He


d


idn’t


want


to


be


tied


to



a


steady


job.




Unit


9




80.


The


nearer



a


society


approximates


to


zero


population


growth,


the


older



its


population


is


likely


to



be



at


least,


for


any


future


that


concerns


us


now.


P3






81.


To


these


now


familiar


facts


a


number


of


further


facts


may


be


added,


some


of


them


only


rece


ntly


recognized


.


P4



82.


There


is


the


appreciation


of


the


salient


historical


truth


that



the


aging


of


advanced


societies


has


b


een


a


sudden


change.


P4






83.




Taken



together,



these


things


have


implications


which


are


only


beginning


to


be


acknowled


-


-


-


-


-


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