-end
Lesson Two
Materials of Packaging
1.
petrochemical
a
石油化工的
2.
synthetic
rubber
n
合成橡胶
3.
adhesive
n
粘接剂
4.
solvent
n
溶剂
5.
paragraph
n
段，章节，
v
分段
6.
limestone
n
石灰石
7.
jar
n
广口瓶
8.
tumbler
n
平底杯
9.
jug
n
带受柄壶（罐）
10.
carboy
n
大型圆形瓶
11.
vial
n
小药水瓶
12.
(be) spotted
in
出现于
13.
item
n
条款，项目，物品
14.
carbonated
beverage
n
碳酸饮料
15.
spice
n
香料
16.
granular
a.
成颗粒状的
17.
instant
coffee
n.
速溶咖啡
18.
mayonnaise
n.
蛋黄酱
19.
pickle
n.
泡菜
20.
fruit preserve
n
果脯
21.
screw
n.
螺旋，螺丝；
v
t
.
拧紧，用螺旋紧固
22.
drug
n.
药物
23.
drum
n.
桶，钢桶
24.
secure
vt.
使安全，使紧闭
25.
coated with
tin
镀锡的
26.
lined with
sealant
以密封胶添衬
27.
dent
n.
（使）凹陷
28.
susceptible
(to)
a.
易于
……
，对什么敏感的
29.
folding
carton
n
折叠式纸盒
30.
collapsibility
n
可压扁性，可折叠性
31.
supportive
a
支持的，拥护的
32.
rival
vt.
同
……
竞争；
n.
对手，竞争者
33.
durability
n
耐久性，耐用性
34.
pasted open
mouth
粘制开口（袋）
35.
sewn open
mouth
缝制开口（袋）
36.
stitch
vt.
缝合；
n.
缝纫
37.
reusable
a.
可重复使用的
38.
palletize
vt.
把
……
装在托盘上，托盘化
Materials of Packaging
Two
major
aspects
in
designing
the
package
are
careful
consideration
and
evaluation of all
available
materials that could be
used. Of particular
importance
are
the static electricity
,
humidity
,
temperature, and barrier qualities; the
material
should
keep
out
water
and
moisture,
greases,
oils,
gases,
and
odors
while
holding
in
the
product.
The
most common types of packaging
materials are
glass,
steel, aluminum,
paper,
cardboard,
wood,
and
petrochemical
products
such
as
synthetic
rubber
and
plastics.
V
arious chemicals,
adhesives,
inks, and solvents are also
used
in developing
the final package. We discuss a few of
these materials in the following paragraphs.
?
Glass
One of
the
oldest packaging
materials
is
glass.
It
is
formed by
melting the sand
with
limestone and soda ash. Glass has the advantage of
being strong so as to securely
hold
the product, but
it
is relatively
heavy
for
handling and
is
fragile, breaking easily
upon dropping or bumping. Packages
formed from glass include bottles, jars, tumblers,
jugs, carboys, and vials.
The
bottle
is
the
most
popular
form
of
glass
container.
It
is
generally
characterized by
its
narrow
neck
and
mouth.
The bottle
is
used primarily
for
holding
liquids,
and
the
small
mouth
minimizes
the
overall
size
of
the
closure.
Numerous
bottles
can
be
spotted
in
the
average
home,
storing
such
items
as
medicines,
carbonated
beverages, juices, and spices. A bottle with a
wide mouth is classified as a
jar,
which is commonly used for food in a viscous,
semisolid, or granular state.
Common
kitchen
items
stored
in
jars
include
instant
coffee,
jelly
,
mayonnaise,
peanut butter,
and pickles. The tumbler and jug are two more
glass containers that are
variations of
the bottle.
A
tumbler
is an
inexpensive drinking
glass
that
is
frequently
used for
packaging jams, jellies, and fruit preserves.
The top
is
pressed on
instead of being
screwed on as
in
the case of
a jar. When
the original contents are
consumed, the tumbler may become a drinking glass.
A large
bottle
with a handle
and a screw-on cap
is called a jug and
is
frequently
used to store
liquid
chemicals
and
foods.
Carboys
and
vials
are
so
named
because
of
the
relative
thickness
of
the
glass.
A
carboy
is
a
bottle
made
of
very
heavy
glass
used
to
hold
liquid
industrial chemicals, whereas a vial is a small,
thin, tubular glass container used
for
expensive and sensitive drugs.
?
Metal
Steel and aluminum are the most
commonly used metals because they are readily
formed into cans and drums. Cans are
constructed in two or three pieces. In two-piece
construction, the
metal
is
formed
into
the shape of a cup, and the
top
is added to seal
the
can.
For
three-
piece
construction,
the
metal
is
formed
into
a
tube,
the
top
and
bottom are produced separately and are
then secured to the cylinder to make the can.
The
inside of
the can
is
frequently coated
with tin or
lined with a plastic
sealant.
The
light
weight
of
these
cans
and
their
resistance
to
chemical
reaction
with
the
product
make
them
attractive,
but
they
dent
easily;
and
if
made
of
steel,
they
are
susceptible to rusting.
?
Paper Products
Cartons and bags are two major paper
products used in packaging. They are very
common
because
of
their
availability
and
ease
of
manufacturing,
storing
,
and
labeling.
?
Cartons:
The folding carton is the most popular
form of cardboard packaging because it is
economical
in
terms
of
both
the
cost
of
the
material
and
the
cost
to
produce
the
finished carton.
Their
collapsibility
makes
them
easy
to
ship,
since
they
can
be
folded
flat
and
may
be
stacked.
Cardboard
cartons
are
versatile,
allowing
for
different
styles
and
numerous
printing
and
labeling
methods.
Lightweight
cartons
are
relatively
flimsy
,
not
giving
much
much
protection
to
the
contents;
but
heavy
corrugated
cardboard
boxes rival those
made of wood.
?
Bags:
Bags are a
form of packaging that can be
made resistant to
moisture,
is easy to
fill
and
empty
,
and
has
low
shipping
costs.
Bags
are
light
and
can
be
fo
lded
and
stacked. The most common bag materials
are paper, plastic, and textiles.
Bags
have
some
disadvantages
as
packages:
they
are
not
supportive
of
the
product, and their durability is only
average. There are four basic types of bags:
?
Pasted open mouth
?
Sewn open mouth
?
Pasted valve
?
Sewn valve
The term
valve
indicates
that the bag
is secured or sealed at both ends once
it
is
filled.
Examples of these are shown in Fig.1.
Plastic is obviously not a paper
product, but plastic film can be formed in shapes
similar to
those of paper
bags.
The ends can
then be
closed by sealing or by
using a
wire tie.
The
most
common
textile
bags
are
made
of
burlap
or
cotton
and
are
sewn
together
and
stitched closed. Burlap bags are
commonly
used
for
grains such as oats,
while
cotton sacks may be filled with finer substances
such as flour. Textile bags have
the
advantages of being reusable.
?
Wood
Boxes and pallets
made of
plywood and
wooden boards are
used
for packaging
and
carrying
heavy
,
bulky
material.
They
are
comparatively
strong
and
easy
to
palletize.
Lesson Three Packaging in International
Trade
1.
production-oriented activity
n.
生产定位活动
spoilage
n.
腐败
stuff
n.
材料，素材
airtight
a.
气密性的
contamination
n.
污染，污损
soak
v
.
吸收
production-
oriented activity
n.
生产定位活动
spoilage
n.
腐败
stuff
n.
材料，素材
airtight
a.
气密性的
contamination
n.
污染，污损
soak
v
.
吸收
evaporate
v
.
蒸发，蒸气化
crush
v
.
拥挤，挤压
course
n.
方向，路径，课程
aerosol
container
n.
喷雾罐
market share
n.
市场份额
destine
vt.
注（预，指）定
conform
v
.
符合，遵守
non-
compliance
n.
不相符，
抵触
penalty
n.
惩罚
discrepancy
n.
差异，矛盾
interpret
v
.
说明，解释为
defraud
v
.
欺诈的
nutritional
a.
营养的
ingredient
n.
成分，配料，要素
claim
n.
（索赔）要求
be spent
for
消费于
be conscious of
注意到，对
……
有意识的
voluntarily
ad.
自愿地，有意地
advertisement
n.
广告
presentation
n.
展示，推广
well-
wrapped
a.
包装精良的
statutory
a.
法定的，法规的
stowage
n.
仓储
insurance
n.
保险
terminal
n.
终点
strike a
balance
达到平衡
pilferage
n.
偷窃，小偷小摸
commodity
n.
（日常）商品
lay down
vt.
制定
bale
n.
包，捆
agreement
n.
协议（书）
Package in
International Trade
Packaging is the
design and production of physical container for a
product,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
which in fact
becomes a part of total utility of the product.
The consumer sees often
the package and
the contents as a whole, and his purchase decision
is influenced by
the package. For
example, the consumer may not be able to
differentiate between two
similar
perfumes, but he or she will choose one in the
more attractive package.
Packaging was
a production-oriented activity performed mainly to
obtain the benefits
of protection and
convenience. In recent years, the marketing
significance of
packaging has been
increasingly recognized by enterprises. Today
packaging has truly
become a major
competitive force in the
struggle for markets domestically and
abroad. Poor packaging can damage the
exporter’s chance of success just as much as
a
bad product. Today
packaging performs many functions, some of which
you, exporter
or manufacturer, must pay
special attention to :
?
Protect the product from spoilage and
damage in transit.
Many food stuffs
need to be packed in airtight containers to keep
the goods from
contamination. If food
stuffs soak up a taste or smell from other
substances they will
be spoilt. Liquid
must be kept from evaporating. Fragile goods must
be protected
from being crushed during
the course of transportation and handling.
?
Make product easy to use and store.
Packaging like aerosol
containers will improve the product and
undoubtedly
attract more customers. A
new package may help create a new market share. A
good
package ,to a consumer, means easy
to use, open, reseal, handle and store.
?
Conform to
trade regulations and rules
Special
marketing and packing must be considered for
product destined for
foreign
markets because all
countries have some import regulations for goods
and
containers. Noncompliance can
result in severe penalties. The exporter should be
particularly careful that all marking
on the container conforms exactly to the data in
export document because discrepancies
are often interpreted by customs officials as
an attempt to defraud.
?
Identify the
product and quantity
Nutritional and
ingredient labels are often voluntarily added by
export
manufacturers as a valuable
service to consumers. While under-packaging costs
money for damage claims or poor sales,
over-packaging also costs money which is
spent for no or little benefit. The
exporter should be conscious of materials used and
the weight in order to be economical.
Packaging must be attractive, so that
it can serve as a good advertisement.
Whatever kind of package the exporter
uses, it should be attractive so it catches
customer’s eyes, pleasing so that the
customer likes looking at and having it,
convenient so that he finds it easy to
use, and interesting so that he can remember it
and come back to it. The first is to
bring product to customer’s attention in product
presentation. It is of no use if you
have a well-designed and well-wrapped product but
none chooses it simply because people
do not know the product exists.
The
exporter should, through good packaging and
promotional activities, make
the
product known to target market. Exporters should
seek out packaging ideas by
reviewing
foreign products. Whatever mode of transport is
adopted, the product will
require
packing, but details for particular product
intended for export will depend on a
number of factors:
?
Feature of the
transit;
?
Nature of cargo;
?
V
alue of cargo;
?
Size, weight and fragility of cargo;
?
V
ariation in temperature
during the
transportation course;
?
Compliance with customs or statutory
requirement;
?
Ease of handling and stowage;
?
Insurance acceptance conditions;
?
Marketing considerations;
?
Facilities available at the terminals.
On the whole, packaging for transit has
to strike a balance between two
considerations:
?
It must be strong enough to
stand transportation hazards such as
rough handling, corrosion, crushing and
pilferage.
?
It must be as light and compact as
possible to keep freight costs
down.
Estimates show that the majority of
cargo is shipped with the freight charged by
volume rather than by weight, so that
saving a few centimeters on the dimension of
each packing case in a large shipment
could make quite a difference in freight cost.
For a number of commodities, the
packing should meet the specifications laid down
in
the customer’s country and should
carry certain markings. Take, for
instance,
such
commodities
as coffee bags, tea cases and cotton bales. The
packing is subject to
detailed
international agreements, and many shipping lines
and insurance companies
expect goods to
be packed according to such requirements.
Basically, packing depends primarily on
the nature of a product as well as the
mode of transport. For instance:
?
Small products
are usually packed in standard-sized wooden or
cardboard boxes.
?
Machinery or other heavy goods may need
to transported in a crate, or it may
only be necessary for certain parts to
be protected.
?
Bags or sacks are generally considered
ideal for packing commodities like sugar
and coffee.
?
Metal products may need protective
paint or grease against corrosion but no
actual covering.
Lesson Four
Plastic Bottles
1.
advance
publicity
n
提前宣传
2.
monomer
n
单体
3.
leach
v
滤过
4.
Bureau of
Alcohol, Firearms and Tobacco
（美国）酒精、枪械
和
烟草局（
BAFT
）
5.
halt [h
?
:lt]
n
v
暂停、中止，犹豫
6.
residual
[ri`zidju
?
l]
n
a
残余（的）
7.
resin
n
树脂
8.
enormous amounts of
大量的