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托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法
托
福阅读部分高分关键在于推理题解法。
尽管托福考试中此类题所占比例较少,
但却是考生获得满分或高分的最
大障碍。此类题特点在于原文中未明确说明
,其含义在其中(
implied
)
,
也就是说,要考生通过适当的理解并运用推
理、判断、归纳等方式,找出文中某个词或句
子的特殊含义,或者判断出句子与句子之间或段落与段落之间关系。有
些考生对此类题往
往不知从何入手,凭一般感觉解题,这样虽然可以解对几题,但获得全对可能性极小。下面根据本
人多年托福阅读教学经验,对此类题进行具体论述。
一、
推理模式
其特点是利用文中某个词汇
、词组、句子含义进行外延及相关性引伸。如根据“
teacher
”——教师,可推现教师
经常上课,应保护嗓子,或根据舞蹈演员推理出身体灵活等
。此类题关键在于文中关键词汇的合理引伸,一般寻找此
类引伸方法可以用如下图形表达
:
具体、抽象
中心词来源
方式、内容
中心词
中心词应用场合
语气强、弱
主客观转换
人物、关系
例
1
:
After the administration
of lighthouses was taken over in 1852by the United
States Lighthouse Board, an agency of the
Treasury Department, the keeper corp
gradually became highly professional.
It can be inferred from the passage
that the Treasury Department, after assuming
control of the lighthouses, improved
which of the following?
(A)
The training
of the lighthouse
(B)
The sturdiness of the lighthouses
(C)
The
visibility of the lights
(D)
The locations of the lighthouses
提示:原文中提到在
1852 the United
States Lighthouse
Board
接管灯塔管理之后,看灯人就日趋专业化。
推理:从专业化到看灯人的培训得到改善,因而答案为(
A
)
。
例
2
:
Marths
Graham
’
s territory of
innumerable dances and a self-sufficient dance
technique are a vast but closed territory,
since to create and art out of
one
’
s experience alone is
ultimately a self-limiting act.
According to the passage, which of the
following most influenced Martha
Graham
’
s dances and
techniques?
(A)
Her own experiences
(B)
Exotic and
idyllic themes
(C)
Familiar classical stories
(D)
The works of
St. Denis
提示:通过因果关系表明
(since)
,既然只源于自己经验产生的艺术是自我限制的行为,
Mart
ha
Grahama
的舞蹈领
域自然
就是封闭的,进而表明
Martha Grahama
的舞蹈源于自己的经验。答案为(
A
)
。
二、
图式推理模式
其特点是根据文章作者
写作意图,通盘考虑整个文章写作框图架,然后判断出文章中某个词或句的内在含义,该
种题型较有隐蔽性,极难对付。
例
3
:
Each
advance
in
microscopic
technique
has
provided
scientists
with
new
perspectives
on
the
function
of
living
organisms and the
nature of matter itself. The invention of the
visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth
century introduced
a previously unknown
realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the
twentieth century, electron microscope have
provided
direct views of viruses and
minuscule surface structures. Now another type of
microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than
light
or
electrons,
offers
a
different
way
of
examining
tiny
details;
it
should
extend
human
perception
still
farther
into
the
natural
world.
Why does the author mention the
visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?
(A)
To begin a
discussion of sixteenth-century discoveries
(B)
To put the
X-ray microscope in a historical perspective
(C)
To show how
limited its uses are
(D)
To explain how it functioned
提示:本段文章中讲了各种显微镜的特征,且从早期一直至现代的显微镜
(X ray
型
)
。作者这样写作,目的在于将
p>
显微镜放在历史角度上叙述一下。换一句话说,作者讲述了显微镜历史。而题目问“作者为什
么提到可视显微镜”那
说明解应为(
B
)
。
(
C
)可
能文章也讲过,但并非是作者的目的所在。
总结:本题关键在
于解题角度与解题切入点的合理性,因此,读者应引起足够注意。
三、
归纳推理模式
通常是原文用很具体事
例,
让考生归纳出一个或几个词来,
对原文内容进行总结与归纳
,
下面先举下个简单例子。
例
4
:
The
roar of gunfire, the massed movements of uniformed
men, the shrill of bugles, and drama of hand-to-
hand
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