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(整理)托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法

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2021-01-29 13:24
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2021年1月29日发(作者:bility)


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托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法



托 福阅读部分高分关键在于推理题解法。


尽管托福考试中此类题所占比例较少,

< p>
但却是考生获得满分或高分的最


大障碍。此类题特点在于原文中未明确说明 ,其含义在其中(


implied



, 也就是说,要考生通过适当的理解并运用推


理、判断、归纳等方式,找出文中某个词或句 子的特殊含义,或者判断出句子与句子之间或段落与段落之间关系。有


些考生对此类题往 往不知从何入手,凭一般感觉解题,这样虽然可以解对几题,但获得全对可能性极小。下面根据本


人多年托福阅读教学经验,对此类题进行具体论述。



一、



推理模式



其特点是利用文中某个词汇 、词组、句子含义进行外延及相关性引伸。如根据“


teacher

”——教师,可推现教师


经常上课,应保护嗓子,或根据舞蹈演员推理出身体灵活等 。此类题关键在于文中关键词汇的合理引伸,一般寻找此


类引伸方法可以用如下图形表达 :



具体、抽象




























中心词来源



方式、内容














中心词











中心词应用场合



语气强、弱




























主客观转换




人物、关系




1



After the administration of lighthouses was taken over in 1852by the United States Lighthouse Board, an agency of the


Treasury Department, the keeper corp gradually became highly professional.


It can be inferred from the passage that the Treasury Department, after assuming control of the lighthouses, improved


which of the following?


(A)



The training of the lighthouse


(B)



The sturdiness of the lighthouses


(C)



The visibility of the lights


(D)



The locations of the lighthouses


提示:原文中提到在


1852 the United States Lighthouse Board


接管灯塔管理之后,看灯人就日趋专业化。



推理:从专业化到看灯人的培训得到改善,因而答案为(


A

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2



Marths Graham



s territory of innumerable dances and a self-sufficient dance technique are a vast but closed territory,


since to create and art out of one



s experience alone is ultimately a self-limiting act.


According to the passage, which of the following most influenced Martha Graham



s dances and techniques?


(A)



Her own experiences


(B)



Exotic and idyllic themes


(C)



Familiar classical stories


(D)



The works of St. Denis


提示:通过因果关系表明


(since)


,既然只源于自己经验产生的艺术是自我限制的行为,


Mart ha


Grahama


的舞蹈领


域自然 就是封闭的,进而表明



Martha Grahama


的舞蹈源于自己的经验。答案为(


A





二、



图式推理模式



其特点是根据文章作者 写作意图,通盘考虑整个文章写作框图架,然后判断出文章中某个词或句的内在含义,该


种题型较有隐蔽性,极难对付。




3



Each


advance


in


microscopic


technique


has


provided


scientists


with


new


perspectives


on


the


function


of


living


organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced


a previously unknown realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided


direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than


light


or


electrons,


offers


a


different


way


of


examining


tiny


details;


it


should


extend


human


perception


still


farther


into


the


natural world.


Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph?


(A)



To begin a discussion of sixteenth-century discoveries


(B)



To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective


(C)



To show how limited its uses are


(D)



To explain how it functioned


提示:本段文章中讲了各种显微镜的特征,且从早期一直至现代的显微镜


(X ray



)


。作者这样写作,目的在于将


显微镜放在历史角度上叙述一下。换一句话说,作者讲述了显微镜历史。而题目问“作者为什 么提到可视显微镜”那


说明解应为(


B





C


)可 能文章也讲过,但并非是作者的目的所在。



总结:本题关键在 于解题角度与解题切入点的合理性,因此,读者应引起足够注意。



三、



归纳推理模式



通常是原文用很具体事 例,


让考生归纳出一个或几个词来,


对原文内容进行总结与归纳 ,


下面先举下个简单例子。




4



The roar of gunfire, the massed movements of uniformed men, the shrill of bugles, and drama of hand-to- hand


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