1.American Romanticism

American Romanticism

名词解释

：

Romanticism

（浪漫主义）

:It

refer

to

the

literature

in

the

Romantic

period,which intends from the end of the 18

th

century to the outbreak of

the

Civil

’s

characterized

by

a

rejection

of

formal

classical

emphasizes sentiment over reason and views art as essentially

an

expression

of

the

artist’s

thoughts

and

themes

included

―home,family

and

children,nature

and

idealized

love,‖but

the

writers

exhibited an apparent apathy(

冷漠）

to the major problems of American

life.

Transcendentalism

(

超

越

论

，

先

验

论

）

:

< br>it,also

regarded

as

philosophical

romanticism,reached

America

a

generation

or

two

after

it

developed in was based on the doctrine of ancient and modern

European

emphasis

on

spirit

or

the

Over

Soul,as

the

important

thing

in

universe,and

also

om

the

importance

of

the

was a reaction against dehumanization that came in the wake

of developing took on special significance in America in the

mid-19th century.

主要作家：

8

个

?

Herman

Melville< /p>

（

1819-1891

）

:

Experience:

1.

Melville’s childhood was happy to the age of

eleventh when his

father died in debt. He had little education and began to work early.

2.

three things deserves mention

：

His experience and adventures on

the

sea

stood

him

in

rich

stead

；

he

had

to

write

for

money

To

support his wife;

he and Hawthorne met

3.

He

wrote

glosses

and

commentaries

as

he

raced

through

the

volumes that came his way

Works :

1

.

The first three drew from his adventures among the people of

the

south pacific islands, suh as:

Typee

Omoo

Mardi

2.

t is regarded as one of the world’s greatest masterpieces. To get to

know the 19

th

century American mind and American itself-----

-Moby

Dick

3

Later he wrote some other books like

The Confidence Man and

Billy Budd

which he left in manuscript at time of his death.

Character:

le

lies

in

the

fact

that

he

was

unwilling

to

sacrifice

his

insight and artistic standards to cater to popular feeling and demand.

discovery of Shakespeare stirred him the depths of his reading.

Carlyle and Hawthorne’ s symbolism fascinated him. For Emerson,

he had mixed feeling of respect and repulsion.

was thus known as a popular writer of exotic tales

Extra :

1.

Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view

of

the world in which he liv ed.

揭示出梅尔维尔的人与自然观：人类

应该观察探索自然，

人类若狂妄地反抗自然，

就会导致毁灭

2.

赫尔曼

·

梅 尔维尔是美国最伟大的小说家之一，

也是美国象征

主义文学大师

3.

Constantly

under

his

attack

is

its

emphasis

on

individual

and

Oversoul.

相信邪恶的普遍性，怀疑超验主义的乐观主义理

4.

his characters forever trying to escape from their corrupt world

into a better place to live, or what he calls another world.

在梅尔维

尔看来

，没有什么事物是绝对美好的或绝对罪恶的。爱默生所

宣扬的超验主义乐观精神对泱 泱社会中的个人的发展并不能带

来真正意义上的帮助。

个人的力 量是渺小的，

根本无力与社会进

行抗争。

?

Edgar Allan Poe:

Experience:

1.

Born in Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809

–

October 7, 1849 ,he was

an American writer, editor, and literary critic

2.

His father abandoned the family in 1810, and his mother died the

following year. Thus orphaned,

3.

Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left

due to lack of money. Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his

education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name.

4.

Later

failing

as

an

officer's

cadet

at

West

Point

and

declaring

a

firm wish to be a poet and writer, Poe parted ways with John Allan.

5.

Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his death is unknown and has

been variously attributed to alcohol, brain congestion, cholera, drugs,

heart disease, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents

Works:

1.

he

released

his

first

book,

a

40-page

collection

of

poetry,

Tamerlane and Other Poems

2.

in

February

1831,

and

released

a

third

volume

of

poems,

simply

titled

Poems.

3.

his only drama,

Politian.

The

Baltimore Saturday Visiter

awarded

Poe

a

prize

in

October

1833

for

his

short

story

MS.

Found

in

a

Bottle

4.

in

1838,

The

Narrative

of

Arthur

Gordon

Pym

of

Nantucket

was

published and widely reviewed

5.

in 1839, the collection

Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque

was

published in two volumes,

6.

In

June

1840,

Poe

published

a

prospectus

announcing

his

intentions to start his own journal,

The Stylus

7.

On

January

29,

1845,

his

poem

The

Raven

appeared

in

the

Evening Mirror

and became a popular sensation

Character:

1.

fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such

novels as

The Poe Shadow

by

Matthew Pear

2.

Poe was mostly recognized as a literary critic

3.

Fellow

critic

James

Russell

Lowell

called

him

most

discriminating,

philosophical,

and

fearless

critic

upon

imaginative

works who has written in America

—

rhetorically

—

that

he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink

4.

Poe's early detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid

the groundwork for future detectives in literature

Extra:

1.

坡以 神秘故事和恐怖小说闻名于世，他是美国短篇故事的

最早先驱者之一，

< br>又被尊为推理小说的开山鼻祖，

进而也被誉为

后世科幻小 说的始祖

2.

他是第一个尝试完全依赖写作谋 生的知名美国作家，从而

导致贫困潦倒

3.< /p>

爱伦

·

坡以恐怖小说这样一种特殊的文学 形式深入刻画与呈

现了非现实状态下人的精神状态和心理特征，试图

―

以非现实、

非理性的表达方式来揭示现代人的精神因顿< /p>

4.

洛威尔一向不轻易赞扬别人，却 把坡誉为

―

最有见识、最

富哲理的大无 畏评论家

?

Washington Irving

Personal

life

:born

in

a

merchant

a

writer

later

a

ch

Knicherbocker,

his

first

history

book

won

his

a

great success but later fail to made a living in this way so continue to

Works

:(imitative,vivid)

A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of

Dutch Dynasty

The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gen

t

The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus

The Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada

The Alhambra

The Crayon Miscellany

Character:

father of American literature, first writer of imaginative literature to

gain international fame.

(a

Chinese

student

of

English

may

do

well

to

read

and

even

recite a little of Irving to improve his writing English.)

?

James Fenimore Cooper

Personal Life

:Born into a land-holding family, first authors to write

about the American Westward movement.

His works

(dreadful,not authentic,introduc

e the ―western‖ tradition

)

The Pioneers

The following are myth

The Last of the Mohican

The Prairie

The Pathfinder,

The Deerslayer

?

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Experience

1.

Born

on

July

4,

1804

to

a

family

with

long

puritan

tradition

in

Salem, Massachusetts.

2. His father died and he was raised by his mother.

3.

Spent

12

years

studying

American

past

after

graduating

from

Bowdoin College in 1825.

4.

Worked

at

the

Boston

Customs

House

and

married

Sophia