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1
、
Just as Darwin
discovered the law of development of organic
nature, so Marx
discovered
the
law
of
development
of
human
history:
the
simple
fact,
hitherto
concealed by an
overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of
all eat, drink,
have shelter and
clothing, before it can pursue polities, science,
art, religion, etc.;
that therefore the
production of the immediate material means of
subsistence and
consequently
the
degree
of
economic
development
attained
by
a
given
people
or
during
a
given
epoch
form
the
foundation
upon
which
the
state
institutions,
the
legal conceptions, art, and even the
ideas on religion, of the people concerned have
been evolved, and in the light of which
they must, therefore, be explained, instead
of vice versa, as had hitherto been the
case.
< br>正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样，
马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，
即历来被繁
茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃
、喝、住、穿，然后才
能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所以，直接的物质生活资
料的生产和一个民
族或一个时代的一定的经济发展程度，
便构成
为基础，
人们的国家制度，
法律的概念，
艺术以至宗教概念，
就是从这个基础上发展起来的，
因而，<
/p>
也必须由这个基础来解释，
而不像过去那样做得正好相反。
2
、
Behaviorists
suggest that the child who is raised in an
environment where there
are many
stimuli which develop his or her capacity for
appropriate responses will
experience
greater intellectual development.
行为主义者认为
,
如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素
,
这些因素又有利于其适当
反应能力的发展
,
那么
,
儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
3
、
How
it
happened
that
a
little
rocky
peninsula
in
a
remote
corner
of
the
Mediterranean was able
to provide our world in less than two centuries
with the
complete
framework
for
all
our
present
day
experiments
in
politics,
literature,
drama,
sculpture,
chemistry,
physics
and
Heaven
knows
what
else,
is
a
question
which
has
puzzled
a
great
many
people
for
a
great
many
centuries
and
to
which
every
philosopher,
at
one
time
or
another
during
his
career,
has
tried
to
give
an
answer.
地中海遥远角
落的一个小岩石半岛，
如何能够在不到两个世纪之内，
为我们的
世界提
供我们当代政治、文学、戏剧、雕刻、化学、物理学
(<
/p>
上帝知道还有些什么
)
的完整框
架，这个问题许多世纪以来困惑了许多人，对这个问题，每个哲学家在他学术生涯的
某个时候，都会尝试找出答案。
4
、
Congress
had
made
laws
requiring
most
pressure
groups
to
give
information
about
how
much
they
spend
and
how
they
spent
it,
the
amount
and
sources
of
funds,
membership, and names and salaries of their
representatives.
国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花
费了多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总
额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪金等情况。<
/p>
5
、
The
successful testing of atomic and hydrogen bombs
and guided missile and
the
launching
and
accurate
recovery
of
man-made
earth
satellites
are
important
indications of our
new level in science and technology.
原子
弹、氢弹、导弹试验成功，人造地球卫星的发射成功和准确回收，集中标志着我
国科学技
术达到的新水平。
6
、
The first
elected Russian President, the man who declared
what once was the
world’s
largest
nation,
the
Soviet
Union,
extinct,
Boris
Yeltsin
resigned
on
December 31,
1999 after eight years in power.
作为俄罗斯第
一位民选总统，作为宣布世界上最大的国家
——
苏联
——
解体的一代巨
人，叱咤俄罗斯政坛八年的叶利
钦于
20
世纪最后一天黯然辞职。
7
、
Human beings
have distinguished themselves from other animals,
and in doing
so
ensured
their
survival,
by
the
ability
to
observe
and
understand
their
environment and then either to adapt to
that environment or to control and adapt
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